                 ˿µϣ2021715գ

21.7.13-14ûи
21.07.15, ˿20217º
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ſʼͨα˽⵽Ļ˶֪ˡDemocracy
ScienceĴڣӴԺҶ֪ʶ
ĻվֱʿҵԺڴ֮
ƻرǹᱩҶƶȵֱвԺҶԵ
ǰϵƶȱһЩ˼ͼһԱȣ˼
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һ仰ҵӡʮ̡˵ҵĿͻʸơӴͻ
κβ١˭ҵĿͻҾͿԱ룬ͻ


˼Һܴ𶯺̵ӡгСͻһĹ
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һ֮Ժ쵼ͨˣŽа칫εžϵװ
һ绰

ҵ˾ʱ򣬶³а칫εҵİ칫ǰ
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һԴ;ĵ绰װˡ

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Ҳô࣬绰װԺҸСѸٵذѹչ

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־صҪǿרҵԱĶ;гڴ洢Ժ͹㷺ԡ

ЩƺصýûеģƼ־ûпɱԺ;
ԡ

ͻ̸ͬʱҶЩƼ־ص˵
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һλĳ¯ϴ˾ܣչ

ܵһҰ칫̸ͬʱǿһ΢ġǢ
̸֮һҪڵķ档־ǳġڶǳե
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ΣѳͿվң賵áң공
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ǰһһλͻ˼ǳܹʦոʡÿһԷ
ƣ֪ҵľǽЩˣǲܸƣ
βҪҲ

ֻҪͻԷƣûͻĳԷȾ
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һΣڵĹ˾һҪãһʱҲ룬ȥʹһ
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һִֻ򽻵л˽ӴӢĽ̸δΪ
̸еĿ﷭롣һãû̸е֪ʶ;
顣ǸѼϼܡûа취ˣǹ˾һʱҲˣԼ
ڶӼ˾˼תΪ֮ѣ绰ѯܷΪ
˾һο﷭롣Ϊֻǽһ»ѶԸǿӦ

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˵ĳѾ˵λſڡæˣ֪һǸù˾ܾ
һǳڲӾתؼˡǵĳֱɻ
СʱܾϢСԲԺɽȡڲ¾־һ
ӡӢӲֽ壬ڳڴӵǵSamara


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ڶһ繫˾ĳλһϵʱλվڴſڵ
ˣһѹ4ӣλֺ׼ʱתڵ
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ԼֵһϣҲһС顣ܾ
һЩ˿̻ԡ֪⡢ţ࣬˵Ǽ
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ܴ䶯ΪҵһȫͬǰʾĿƼʵ

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ҵλתΪҵλҵз֪⣬ҵݹԶԶ
ҵλѡ˻ǲˣ

кܶ˵ǰݺð

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ʵ͡Ȼðٷ֮ٹݵģ90~95%ҵ
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ɼڵ֮졣

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һΣҲǷСһ˱оģ
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Ҳ籣ϵУǰǡ

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ȼգǲķȻͬ

    ں±ѧͬ顢ѧұRobert BunsenΪ˷ˡ
Bunsen burnerڻй۲쵽ĹײÿƵ϶һ
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ϸߡЩڵƵ治ͬԪض죬ÿԪض
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    ֮ǰ¹ĲͶJoseph von FraunhoferѾ
⾵̫һЩϸ΢Ƶλù̶İߡ򷢾Щ
ͱֵһһӦͬһָƵ档ʶ
ΪԪزᷢضƵʵĹ⣬ҲͬƵʵĹ⡣

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ŲͬٶȡƵʣ䡢յĵŲźס
޷ǻĳЩضƵжӣֻ䡢ЩƵʵĵŲ
ƵӶ

    19ĩ빤ҵϢϢسΪѧһš
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µʾʶǸĽȻͬԴں
е˶ֱ΢۵ԭӱԭӵڲṹϢϢء

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    ԪڱŵһλʱҲѾ¬ɪ֤ʵԭһ
ֻһӡӦأԭӺˣʱûӵĸһɡ
¬ɪӻԭӺ˹ת

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һ뾶һ뾶ͿԼ򵥵ؼӵǶ
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ڡ

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Ϊ֪ᰮĥйصĹɡһͬ¼ģ
ȥѰԭӹߵĹɡʱѧѾϳԭӵ
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ԤֵһΪͶĬϵС

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ʽƵʡĵͶĬʽ΢һ
㣺ÿߵƵʿԱʾΪһƽĵ֮

    ȻһֵĹʽǸ²ֵȫûԴ
ǡƽĵ֮ĪʽΪʲôܹȷƵ
ԭӵĹߣȻǲ֮ա

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    ģУĹͬһӵһϵкᵵӵһ
ֻܴĳһᵵϣܴᵵ֮աӴĳ
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ȡǣƽĵ֮Ӧ֮
ʿ˵ӹϵԻɵŲƵʡ
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ʱĻȵĺᵵӴһߵĹ͵Ĺ
ʱὫʣʿӵʽͷųɵŲ֮ӵ
ʱӻӦһͬƵʵӡ

    غ㣬Ҳֱ˵ؽ˻򡢱
ߺ͸Ͷİߡ

    ֻǣҲȫ׵ر˹Τۡԭģͻһ
ϵûиݵ¹򣺵Ĺ˶ʱ䣻Զ
̤Щ֮Ŀռ䣻ȴܹڲ֮ͬԾԾʱᷢ
һƵʵĵŲ

    ûһУǵڲ֮ͬԾΪ
ѧûκԾֻǿĳһ͵˲ʱ
ԾǨ˷˵ŲԾǨûκοм
̡



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ʱӢѧ涨СֱıʸתܷҲһ
ר塣

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еơʵһӴڸĹϣм
Ĺξĸȥһ˲䣬֪Ӧĸ
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    Ȼܻش⡣¬ɪҲףһǳǰۣ
޷͵ĵطԼǸȶԭģһǶ
ԭȶģԭӺˡǴڵģԭӻᷢ䡢ضƵʵ
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ƪ̫ӢͳƼĽԼ̫࣬Դ׸
Ӧɾһ롣㲻ԼжΪ
Щɾڰɣ

    һ仰ŰѲŵüɢ



    СԴǣдӺСʱʼڳ谮ĸ
סҵʱϲԼڣǱʼǽ

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ǣۿҪҲԸ⶯дġֻǿнϳʵң
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׻ܼܵ£ġ˶ʿʿĶĸһһش
ɡûĹչӢһܣҲûһƪ
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ȫְ飬ʹҲ⡣

    ҲȴøٰͰؿڳп뵽ġ
ÿƪĶһʱĴ󹤳̣ÿһ仰ÿʶҪãһ
ٸġԼ䣬Ĳʿй14ͬ汾һΣܵ
ͷһѵţҪ˳ʼġأ˵ֻ
ǵ壬Ҫ޸ļС

    ԣ¬ɪëԼҪ׵Ͷɹʱ
еĪвʹԷ𾴵ĵʦʱѾһ
ģȻƪûøˡæ¬ɪţ
ǰӢ顣

    Ҳǵһ鷳ĵѧʱȡӢ
ʽĲʿģδԸҪԭǱ༭Ҫɾ
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    ¬ɪļʱ¬ɪüеķÿͲˣʦͽ
С鷿ļÿ϶ִΪÿһ
绤áֱֳʹġ¬ɪ
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    19137£ġԭӺͷӵĹɣOn the Constitution 
of Atoms and MoleculesӢġѧ־Ϸƪӹ¬ɪ
25ҳֻҪ֮һƪΪ׼ġʽ
ģֻ20ʽ඼¬ɪظࡪ


    º󣬲Ӣѧٽϵһιġ
λüһãķɭ¬ɪ˹˾ϯȡҲԶ
70оҲ˳

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ﲻӦϺҲ졣˽ʵ޷ͬòˣѧ
ϷķɭָΪѡȡضĵӹûиݣҲȫû
бҪֻн˹ȽϿָͨģڽ͹ϵĳɹѾ
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    ʵ³¯ڻ֮ǰõһµ֤ʵоֻ
һӵԭӡӵĺԭʧȥһʱʣµĺ
ҲͬԭӣֻԭӺ˵ĵɡͬģͿͬؼ
ӦеĹߣָǾǹѧƤ֣Edward Pickering
ġ󹬡ġͱĹ£֮ڹĺ
桷ѾǹвһϵСǰ¬ɪµ
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èײĽҡ

    ˣۻǺѱܡںϿŷ޴½λ
ڼͶڹ˶ĵӱ䣬Ϊ˹Τ
۵ĸ׷˹ȱԹѧ
˹̹һλתۡһӦⲻܣ
ΪҲй˼··ӹ׵Ľʱ
ɵɴ飺ΰķ֮һ



    ά1911ʾٰѧӢδٿ˵
λ顣μߵû̫仯ϽķɭͶ
ǡʵĽṹȻ֡

    ķɭǸģ͵½չȶϵصܲͷ
ķɭݽָģ뾭ȫġѾ
֪۱ȻᵼѡҪؽͷ⡪
ȶԡΥ

    ¬ɪҲ˷ԻᣬԼģ͡Ȼ˾
Ĳûбʸģûڻࡣ

    ǲϵؽӵϢ¬ɪʵеСĪ˹
Henry Moseley̸۹X⡣ԭģܹXߵ
ԴԭӵϵĵӱܺϵԾ
λʱĵŲΪ֮ƵʷǳߵX⡣
ڷܵĪ˹ҹԼյʵŬ1913׹Ȼ֤ʵ˲Ĳ룬
˳ŷԪڱϼȱ©Ԫء

    ºִѧ˸ˣJames FranckͺȣGustav 
Hertz֤ʵŲǸȵֶӣͨˮײʵ鷢ˮ
ԭӵŷֵǲӵһᵵ
漴֤ʵǲֵģ͵Ԥһ¡

    ʵ鲻֤ʵԭģ͵ݡܼṹһ
ι۲쵽ӵĶӦƵʵĹϵΪӸṩֱ֤ݡ
˹̹˸˵Ľ޲ѣɰޣIt's so lovely, 
it makes you cry!˺ͺȺ˻1925ŵ

    һ½չ19147¹Ѳԭģ͡
ڸ͢Ľڴѧֱ㲨Max BornѾ𽥳Ϊ
ϽڵĩơǶ۶ɻ󣬵ȡԽ
˸ġʱǱо˹̹ۣʱԼͬ
Լѧתԭۡ

    ѧ֮󣬲͵ܵһǰ˹ɽʼǼƻѾõĳ;
ɽԶ֮áܿ죬ǿǷ׷׷ȼٸŻؼңֽϵҲ
ԽҲæɽ˻𳵡ֶɻص;ʱ
˷쳣Ⱥɸ̾Ծжļǵ¹˸ٹ̵ϰס

    죬¹սһսȫ汬

֮ʮ˹̹Ĺ

    ʲô
    뵽ĺöö
    һ
    СС촽
    Ϊ
    ȱ޿
    õĳͷ
    ǸҲһ
What should I inscribe for you here? / I could think 
of many things / Including a kiss / On your tiny little 
mouth / If you are angry about it / Do not start to 
cry / The best punishment / Is to give me one too.

    1899꣬20İ˹̹ڶȼʱһλ17аȣAnna 
Meyer-SchmidŮʱдôһ׵ƤСʫ
Ϊѡ

    ʮΪ˸İڱֽϿ˹̹ƸΪʿѧڵ
ϢһƬףء漴ָ硣ܰ˹̹Сĵ
ʹѧУĹַǵͨŻǱ淢֡һ֮
ֱӸȵɷȥŸ״°˹̹òҲȵɷдŽ͡
Ǹ

    뿪רֳΪ𾴵Ĵѧ֮󣬰˹̹λߡ
ߵŮҲ֮ࡣǼʹǴͳϵˣҲ
ǿҵɫʡ

    ӦأĹϵÿ¡ΪӵĸףԼ
ļͥԽԽܣʱطƢڰ˹̹
Ŀ϶о֢˹̹μά˷
ʡԼҲܹʢһѧĦࡣ˹̹
ʧȥġ

    ˹̹ʿվ̨ʿ˺˹ؾõʱû
ؼʿжӣԸٴΰҡ
Ѿǵ¹ĿѧĻģʿˡ˹ءά³
˹һѧдѧṩ޷ܾЩ֮⣬
˹̹԰ֻ

    нı˹̹꾭Լȥ߶
Сʱ鰬ɯElsa EinsteinɯȰ˹̹ꡣ
ǰ˹̹׵֣ĸǰ˹̹ĸ׵׽㣬밮˹̹
ϼףıٴӽ㡣ٶʱɯѾ飬Ů
ĸסֳͻĮγɶԱȣʱð˹̹
ԣ׹밮ӣ֮ǰ˹̹밬ɯйһζݵĵ飬ܿ


    ʱ𣬰˹̹ÿȥֳ밬ɯԼ֮⣬Ƶһ
ʿˡ˹صȴڼ档ƽİɯҲͨ˽˹ϵҵѧ
ҹFritz HaberæΪ˹̹ڰıְλⷬû
а׷ѡ



    19144£˹̹Ρ˷нΪһ
һʵĹԢһ¥Ϊ˹̹鷿

    Ȼ£ʹҳߣļ
ʱѾΪ˹̹򸾵ѣòеͣԱĽɫ
˹̹֣µ׫дһݺͬĴʮϴµճ
κڹ˽µĹϵ棬ʽȱķ˻
ĵλȷڸɯֻһ޷
ԱֻΪԸɢҡ

    ǩ֣ӻؼҡƽԼҲûάּĺ
ƽ򸾵ٴڴһ־Э顣729գ
ڰ˹̹õѱͬ뿪֣ػʿ
վ󣬰˹̹¶ڹǰӰʹ˴졣

    󣬲ֵҲǻվҴҶϾȥݻᰮ˹̹
    һսȻ״ݻ˰˹̹ѾõİѧĻ
ȵؿʿˡ˹ءά١Rɵµȶ
93¹֪ʶһ⹫ţΪ־ľͳⳡսе
Ϊ绤

    Ϊ˰ְλ˹̹Ѿָʱĵ¹Ȼ
Ծ±ֺƽܰɯŮӰ죬һЩ
ƽһԵĹǩǷ
ǩ˹̹ⶼС䣬ûκӰ졣

    ߣѾ50˹شϾӼලԼԺо
Լĳǰߣ־ԸΪṩͨšȻȷ
ŵ¹뷨ְֱܿ߳ĵƹ⡣

    ǰ߹˹ͼΪƲĶսʹã
ѾȡǱѧǰںϳɰĻȡóɹ
ΪʡըҩشסսʼǱƺʹãΪǰ
ṩһʽѾӢĸǸ븥ˡȵѧ
ԭӺѱĹOtto HahnҲһĿ
ǸսϴģʩȺӡ

    ˹̹ΡսСżʾ飬ѡԼ
ѧıܷۡҶʱ̣ĿѧҵͥһҲ
һؼʮ·ڡ



    1905꣬˹̹Ӹ͹ЧӦʱ˼ھ
׶޷˽ܡƪУһֱ˵Ԥ⣺ٽƵ
ϵĹⶼܴ½еĵӣݳӵܻƵʳȣ
ϵþʿ˳

    һǳȷļֶΡ֤˹̹ۣڹЧӦ
вʿ˳ӸԵ֤ݡǳźʱRɵ
˵ʵ豸ȱ㹻ľȣ޷ᡣԶ֥Ӹѧ
Robert Millikanͷ˽ʮ꣬1914Գɹ

    רעھȷѾڼǰͨġ͵
ʵ顱ӵĵֵԶЧӦһΪѵ
Ű˹̹ۣΪĲ޿ɡմʧ
Ľ밮˹̹ԤȫûеΥ
ĹһС

    ʹ֮뵱ʱѧһȻְ˹̹
վסš

    1909˹֮󣬰˹̹һƽӸĽ
˲ԽϰʵҲ˹Τص;
޷һĹۡ1911ά֮Ѿ
һŬޣרערʱѾ
ġֵ뷨ƹۡĲиŬ1915
׳ɹƳ۳̡ġͱĹ£֮һ
˹̹е泣

    Ϊһոµۣ۵ĺճ˾̾Ϊһ
ѧϵͬʱҲ߸ϣ˽ˮǽյ쳣֮⣬ƺ
档˼󹦷еֵ˹زΪȻ٩˹̹ڲ
Ϲˮ֥鶪ϣ۵ǰعø˲ȷ
˹̹û뵽һĵСӻϾ˼֮ʱԭģ
ʵ۵شͻơ



    һĲģʱ˹̹̾˲
ȡʷԵͻơ

    ھУաŲͨơеĵĳ
Ƶʽ˶ջͬһƵʵĵŲѰҵ
̨ĵг

    ԭӺ˹תԲ˶Ҳ˶ƹһȦʱ
ڣ䵹ƵʡˣӦûһƵաŲȻ
ȴ涨˶ȶģȲᷢҲյŲ䡢
յŲڵ֮ͬ䡰ԾǨḶ́ƵӵĹ
˶ûйϵȴȡ֮

    һȫµûκԴ˹̹Լʹû뵽
ĻơģͳɹԤ⺤ӹ֮
ģӵķƵ˶Ƶûйϵǣ̾
ΰķ֮һ

    ˹̹Ͼǰ˹̹˲ԵĴͬʱ
Ҳʶǳֹȱݡ1916꣬۴Ѷְ֮ע
תһֱ⡣

    ԭӽṹļӲԹ涨ԽԭӡӵĹף
ûܶԵڹԾǨաŲκֻ
һԭӡ

    ȻҪϸĹҪһǰ᣺ԭ
ΧкʵӴڡ˹̹ΪⲻԭӶԵΪΪʵ
ԭΪĵų֮໥õĹ̡ԭӴڵųİΧУ
ͨԵŲϵطմﵽƽ⡣

    ԾǨʱΪܵ˵ųӵļ
ȻڴͳĹֻǹƵڽеĹ˶йϵ
˹̹ܼ̽գstimulated absorptionΪ
ȡܱߵųжٿɹյӴڣƵ
ĵųܶȳȡ

    ֮ӴڸĹʱ˹ָ̹ʱȴ
ͬģʽһʱһΪųĹԾǨܼյ
̣ܼ䣨stimulated emissionͬ
ųڸƵϵܶȳȡ

    ʹûеųĴڣĵԼҲԴﵽѧ
ȶĵ̶̬ΪԷ䣨spontaneous 
emissionų޹أĿԡ

    Щ̣δﵽƽ̬ǰ˹ֺ̹Ϸ
ȥڲ˶ŲѹǿѾӦֵͳܿ
һ˵ĽֻҪղļ裬ջ
֮֮ƽĵųһʿ˶ɵĺ䳡

    ˹̹һϸƵʿ˶ɡµƵ̻Ȼ
ɣʿ˵ľ֮ѧϷҲҪʿ˼
гӣȡ֮ǲԭӡǺ໥ӽ
ʵʵģ͡

    ˣ˹̹ΪָƵֻмǳ򵥵ļ裬
صԭƵ˿ѹ򣬱ó˹ȥҪ󶯸ɸܵ
ʿ˶ɡ˵һɿģܻͣܿΪδ۷չĻ
ʯ



    ʿ˶ԭ໥Ȼسǰ˹̹һ̱ʽ
ĳɾͣĹԾǨǿѨ硣һ˹ֵ̹
ڷ䡢ʱʧȥõĲһһ
һֵҲӵƵʳȡ

    ʿġӡڵֻǡݶ˼ԭֻ
һһݵرջ䣬ܱݶСԣֻһ
ѧֶΣûκ塣

    ˹̹ʱӲһͬʱһĶ
ӡԭӵ죬һʵʵڡӡ

    ǰӵųѹǿóųͬʱ߱ӵʱ
ûоȥ׷һһѹǿôֵġֱʱŻȻ
򣺹һͨײݶѹǿ

    ûΪȥһӡƣȻһؽӳ֮
ΪӡѾȷɣʵʵӣҲǽ
˵Ĺӡ

    ͬһֵһзҲѧеġʸ
ԭӷһʱĳͷţһĶͬ
ҲֻĳһĹӡ

    ںڰпƣӻͬʱΪٷǳ޷
мĹ̡ٺͻᡰӵ
ͬʱ˷ɢˮм䱻Ͷһʯͷʱˮе
ĹһεĲӵÿһ䡣

    ȻԴֻһԭӣ˹ָ̹Ĺⲻһ
βһֻһ򷢹⡣̫̫ԭӡǸ
򷢹⣬һЧǸоһĲ
һε߸˹Ĳѧ˵



    19161917䣬˹̹Էƪġһƪ
ڷۣOn the Quantum Theory of Radiation֮ɣ
ִ۵Ŀɽ֮

    ʮӢĺ֮ˣPaul DiracѾ˵ѧ
Ͻϰ˹̹۷չӵ綯ѧȫ˷ۡҲ
֮󣬰˹̹ȼ֮Ϊ˽⣺˷ְ˹̹
ļȫһ֤ʵ

    ͺ󣬰˹̹ܼ˼ĳ֣ȫ
ڣܼͨĹŴLight Amplification by 
Stimulated Emission of Radiation֮Ĺⱻա
аĶתִִļ似

    ʹǰ˹̹1917ʱҲԻ͵δʱȴ
һΪĵĽβд
ڣѷʱͷ򶼹ڡᡯ

    20ǰʱпԷķһ
صգһµľ㵡зԵĲȶԭΪʲô˥䣬ʲôʱ
˥䣬Щ20Ȼûд𰸡

    ¬ɪֵİ˥ڿԶⶨ˥Ḷ́һʱڣһԭ
ᷢ˥䡣һԭӻ˥䣬˭ֻһ
ԭӣǸ˥ڽʱ50%ļʷ˥䡣ԭξ
ʲôʱ˥䣬ɴ಻˥䣿

    ˹̹ķҲġᡱջǷ
ӶһĿԣȫԷųܶйء嵽һ
ӣʲôʱչӣʲôʱӣĸӡ
¼¬ɪһοģʱɻ֪ԾǨʱ
һͣð˹̹Ϊǣ֪ʲôʱӦ
Ҳûд𰸡ƫƫԼ֤ԷĴڡΪû
ƣԭӾ޷ųﵽƽ⡣Уԥԥز²ǿ
һԴĳδ֪ơ

    Ϊ˼ά࣬ѡʱӲᡣԭ
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