                           ˿µϣ2021415գ

21.04.14ûи
21.04.15, ˿20214º
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˵20ǰ˼ô˻̣̣Ϊ˲ͻ
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Standardᵽһʵ壨naive realism
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ǹ۵㲻ͬһ֪ġԻߴƫġϲԱ
George CarlinоܳĻʵͺز˵û
ע⵽Щ˶ɵϣЩñľǷӡHave 
you ever noticed that anybody driving slower than you is an idiot, and 
anyone driving faster than you is a maniac?

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˵жпǴڵƫǿԼġѧ
Emily Proninָ֮ͳͻԭ򡣱˵
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ʶģΪԼֱΪȫûʶԼڴҥ
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ڸĸΪŮĸҲֻǸĸԼ¡ҪжҲ
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Ҿͱ죬ѹûһᣬӵ˾䣺



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Ҵ촰һ̣սķˡҵͷһ
ڣ̧ͷ³촰ǡһСƲʣԲģСβͣ
š



ݵĹʱʮϰ࣬°࣬Сʱ粻
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İ칫һˣŮһУڰ칫ݲ㣬˼Ҹ㣬
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˵⡣

ӹ֣ÿȥݣҵаľϴܣûγɵһֱ
šƣֲûǷôûγأˣҾҸ
ŮԣǾͶһλͬŮھӡ

ʱϼСӮסʱСӮڳǱߣǸ滷ˮĹŴ䣬
öʫˡϲǴգ徲Ǹӱʵĺõ


ͬŮھСǸձйĸ׻عûá
˳Ư͸˵Ķϼ⣬С֡С
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ϲһۡҺŮھһȹΣȤͶ
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Ťңôˡʵʵ˵ıʧ
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Ůھûɵ¶ҵĴ̫󣬼ϴιݳҰŸС£
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ӡºƳ̳꣬ұ㰵ȥҹ곢һΣȻӣС
زζѬûһӲȣǳһ麹ҵײ



Ķ˺һ󣬺Ѱ˼Ǹŵˣ¸úù
ҺڲҪ

ʮһҰյλ·ļдһXݷѧ
Ϊһ㣬õĴѧרҵӢһҾ
ҪҪڹһꡣ

˵ҹæٻӰҵչҪȥԼȥɣ

ùæҵרҵһӣ̨ܵȥˣ껹
ֽĿˡе㱾£Ҳ·Ȣͥͣ
Ǹҵ͡

ת۵ʮһϢˡҺһγ;С
С룬ԸңΪɶҪأҲ˵

ȥҪȥԼȥ

ϲùǵҸԼԱȡ˵˭˭ȥС
˭˭Ϲȥ̽գ˵ͱԹԼĲҡ

ô˵˵ûҾˣô
һ˵Ҿͷǵø

Ҳˣ˵ôң˵б¾Ķȥ׼
ˡ

ôһ˵һᣬ˵

ⲻˣڼҪȥƻ£ҵȥ
޺ǵӦ

ˣΪҪңҵ̬̾ͱˡȰ˵뿪
㣬˭û°һԽԽá˵ҵĸ첲
ԴҼһ˵ĶȥˣҪרڼҺúźҡ

˵ˣҾȥסһܣĶѡ

ôȰҶûãʹذһƣв
³˸֡

ͲӣϲⷢӡҶļӾǱ
ĥġ˵˵£Ҳ۲ġﻹĳ
͹νȫ

ϱϾϱҲģڶɽһݷ˻
µķɡС

ǷĿ࣬佫ӱҴһȦٶ۾
һ㣬ȷ˵ڿӲͷŤҲת
оֱ㣬ڿеĸ䡣

֮ǰȥǰݷҺǴҲˣܿЦð
дйϵ㡣Ц˵

Ǹ÷ţﰡıǡ

סĿͷ޺ԱߡýȥʰѸҴ·Ьë
ˢ֮ĲúãǲݴûбǸܵġҪʱ
ʾ˵

ҪԺɣؼˣҺѽͲ尡ΪϹ
أ

ҲñŤ

ɽļҾ̣ǳô
ٷƣڡһֱڸҽͺΪ徻
̫ɻǾǳһҰֻϴë
ˡ˵

úúϧԼš

ʣվŮ˵ĽǶϰɣ

𣺡վڳ˵ĽǶϡ

Ҳ⣬̡

𣺡ҲòңΪҰһλһ˴˲Ů˸Ūˣ

˵ŤߡҷӦ죬ֱйս˹ţҾͻȻ
ΪԼеңرáұ绰

ûôòϵң˰ɣɶ˼

ӵΪҶģҶסϹ̫ˣ

˷ĵĵطҲá˼죬һˡλ
֮ǰŮھӡ

Ůھɽˣ˵ôסĿͷ
ǿͷһ˰ĵطͻȻͳŮ˿ռ䣬ҵ
ѽѽҲ͸ˣĪĹںк֮Щ
֮¡

ûǷԾҲǰ롣ŮھӦ
ǿ﷢ңο˵

ϴǼǶ˰ɡҲ̫ҶŮҲȤ
ϲһΪĵΪġ

ҲúǴκûɵҾ
ȥᣬҲΪԶӱܵ

Ϊ˱аҾʹŮھӳ˿ͷȥɽߡʱ
ϺɽϵҺľ˹߱ģֹ
ʱһƬҵϻҰѻ͸ϸ
⿴

ɫġģĶ䡣

ұ˵߰ѻݸͷס˶䣬˻꣬˵Ҳ
ҿˡ

˹ѵ㣬ҴŮھȥիãŶӴ򷹣ɣ
жרͣ˵λŮھӣͨѡ
һ۾ܿ飬˷ȥúġ

ųײˣŴ׷һԷҾģ뱲Ӹ
ˡ극ұŮھȥ˿á
кŮھ໥һһ䣬ڱϾûɶˡһᣬ
ǶλǶˣҾԼࡣ

ɣʱ绰ҳýӵ绰йҹܵ
ϲϡ￴ͷĵˣе£˵

һŮأûչҡ

죬ʣŮģ

ҡšһ

Цʣûзࣿ

Ҽһף˵

ЦأͲһϣ

٩˼ӣ˵绰һ˿ãͷˣһûС

Ҿù֣˾һ鶪ˣҹһèסǿͷҽУ
еû˯á



һҹڶҾɽܣһңﱧԱ
˼һܣһߣ˵һ鲻ӦöԲסš

ʵҲңСʤ»飬һҾҶ˵
ײҶӡ͸ҳһ̣ǵǲҶӼƬ⣬˵Ҳ
صģҲò硣Ǹɾһܵĳθôˡ

һ߳ţһҽһ¡˵ǰסСӮ
ҲڼҵһͶԴ˲ͬĸܡǰ쳳
ҹ˻жҽСˣ˵Ҫ·ӣ

Ϊǰȥס꣬СӮȷʵ˺ܴı仯
סȥûãоļעΪ塣
ԽԽˣ̸ʵǵǶ࣬ҪӲ
ǵ𣬷ˣҲذˡ
̱ʵɶͷ׬ǮĿġ

˵ҪӣҸǮ»ûסңΪ˵ǮǮ
ģǹʡǿϣҿҵġ

֮ǰ˵ģݳҰ˸ҵǵðɣǸҵǮ죬ÿζһ
ɡû˽ǮĻϰߣλʿҵɿȫϽá
ƽʱö̬һ㣬ż飬ʮа˾ΪҿǮˡ

ѡϻ˲˼ѡһѧС
װޣ̽

ǷӺǺãΪǷġµԹңΪ
ҪʱйÿΥԼӰţԲܴˡ

ҡҲҲ𡪡

ʱҾ鷿ʯͷģ˵ģм
㻨Ǯڵ̯ģȱƯΪһһǮپ͸ˣҾ
ǲƭġʵǣЩǱʯͷ˵ļ٣
ҶǱˢÿġ

ҵûеĿƬΪ˳ҡ

飬۷ʸǳ⡪飬Ȼ
򷿣귿ػ顣

飬˼ңԼһֺǺǵȥˡ

顢򷿣Ҫ˯أȴƵ˸ڷ
䣬˵

ѾϹˣ׼˯

ΪЦ˭֪ģѾѸڷҲúˣ˵ϱ
˯

ɶأ˶˯ôˣǵø⼸ɶ˼û
ֻڸ˯ˣҰҹ˯ţȥķ䣬һ꣬
ûҾû߳ȥҸ˯ˡ

˵ڶ죬ϣ鷿顣·ʸ
˵Ҫռı˻˵Ͱϵɳϣûͬ⣬
ϣ˱

дĶƽո죬Ǳ֮ǰĸӲ֮ļ춼ˣ˯
ģɶ̲סҹһգ໥ռеǿˡ

˾ȤԼһԻΪף»˻ǰʱĸ
һٱһһȤţ˵ҹƵģΪ
ķ70%ûػ顣Ǿ⵱Цû뵽ǣ
ҺҲ˴Ⱥ

򷿴㶨ȥ顣˾ȥ;гˡҺ
˭Ҳ˭һһף֡վֵĴſڣ˳û
㶯֣Һ˫һָ̣



ûҡеûֲϵ
ǴֵǸûȵֽĿ

ԼڼܾٵɶǱ㾭ȥĵ
ưɡưϰ壬үСһ𳤴󣬲µʱ
ݹӡǸ̹ҲǸƹԴ˵

ûûҾͻȥˣ

ǰ֧ܣͱˣ̲ȾƣֻҪܶ
һֵһһߵġ

ʱҲҼȥǺȣ
סˡڻԹң˵ѪܼӸġ

ʱȥȶٶǮǮҪʲô֪ܲ
СͰǮǮĿԡ˵

Ժĵشȡҡ
һһշʮ㡣ɷû˼ľưɡ룬
Լס˷ѿռ䡣ҰԺһҾưɣԲˣ
ǵһVIPˮۣԲģؼǻܸ
һԼƽ̨

ʵۼҵԺˡûʱ֪
ֱ˵ҰʾҺһ飬ԺʣһˣԴ
˼ˡ

˵ĶҶЩջûһסҵҶ˵

һᾡظ㡣

һûشˣǻҾȥ룬Ժ˾ưɣ
ԺĻˡֻǣҽ˴壬һ룬ûԺŮھ
Ҵȥˡ

ŮھӼҲˣ˵

ϴȥģͰ͵ǣԼˡ

˵Ҿǳýӵ绰һȥʱû㡣

˵ֹӣһСʱ

һ˵ҾͺͿˣʱ˵ôĲ졣һΪ˲
ͨ¼ʧˡһʱͨ˶áͨ¼
Ҳˣֻ˵ԼһСʱҰɡҶǶμȻ㱡

ŮھΪϴ²ԸҡҲˣǾöԲס
ֺҾ;ԼӰ֮࣬˳Գ
졢̡¶ֲסʱĥһұͽˡ

ʱһӡǣרȥؿ˳磬û
ΪʡǮ˿һ䡣һһģ˴ޣ˯ġֻ
Ůһ䣬ٻ漰ЩǵǷɳϣ
ԡﻩԡ͸ĥɰԼؿ塣䵱ϴ裬
ԡʱһֻ֧ĥɰϣƺܿеÿ
һ·

ֱףѷֲŮھӵĹϵˣ־ͬϵ飿Ͷ
ϵİ飿

үǵмһˡٽ꣬ŮھҪĸ
ꡣĸ׼ҾСӮʮ๫һСʱұ˵
ңҲƻҵȴԶţ˼ҷ˸ӡ

Ϊϵλ׮¡ҵλˡ

ʵ±÷ڰǰɵλ쵼ȴѹסˣ˹ݳ
ݲصһλͬ£Ұ칫ļ˶֪

ʲô£λݲصͬݲƷʱķ˶
Ʒ˸Ʒԭ漴˱˹ݳݳ˵Ҫܣ
ϱͬԽԽԣùһʮ尡ҹݲع
רְǣδݳֱӱУȥˡУ󾪣ϸ
ݵĲƷ⡣һ飬ˣƷֹķƷеʮ
Ʒ߷¸Ʒ˰˵ݴѧĴԤֵ
ҵƷ˸ɾ

ҼƻŮھӻؼ죬ҲǾ졣ݱ⡣
ݵĹԱԱʵϰȵȣȫֵܾ顣
ȻҲС

¶ǰ칫ҵļλ˵ʵ̫ˣ̫ͻȻˣ˵ʵ
޹أҵȴʼˡȣһ֪͵һУɾ
͵ʮɲǶʱھģ˵λ죬Ӧþ
⹤ҲƷԿ׾Լڶ͵͵ˣÿ͵һҪ
һ߷¸Ʒϣ˵λһ֡λ˭˹
벻ڶ

ؼǣҺ͹ݳźϵݳȥ˾ʵ
ҰƷϴǮ귨ɵĿӡ

Ұ칫ҵļλȫְͣ顣û׽Ҳ㵽ܡ



Լһܣиʯͷšÿ첻ǱڵλǱԺ
ӡ

Ҵ绰Ůھӽһ׵ԭҲŹ֡˵

Ͳҵ⣬趼÷ˣ̵ʱ
̣֮ûԵ֣

ôǸá˼Ҹ˸ݻ



ʱûйȥƻҴģɶɣ
ÿδжڣҲ֪ɽæɶȥˡ

鲻ã¼̫һ鷿ƽ
ľүɽɽȴŨסˡϳҾú
ѡ

þʱ绰ǷڼҡҲѡ˵·
⣬˳ġװм˵㡣˵绰̰ϨˣϽ
鷿Ĵñ͵ȷ磬°ζϡӲ
̻û꣬ұ߸ЬյĶÿöҾ֪ǽ
˭ȳġ

һ鷿ѱһ棬˵ѬˡĶ顢Ҷ
Ϥˡ

ɳϣ輸һǵԼҡϡ
úܣ˵쵼

˺裬Ϲһᡣ˵

˵㱻ְͣˣ·Ѳѹ

ЦҵġҲӲ˵

һ㲻ѹ֮ǰɶˣˬء

˵ǾͺãŰοһأĻҾˡ

ҲûЦһ£ʣ

ڻͦɣ

شñʵڣ

ѹܴܳԱˡ

ôһ˵һ㶼ܡ룬˵ûҰ
ˡ໰Ҳ˵ֻһᣬϲ裬

Ҫⷿӣưɡɶ飿

ı͸ԾѸٵػˣ˵

ʲôϵ

ҲԣûϵĿͷЭԷ޹ص£ᡣ

˾ưɾˡһ䡣

ʣˣɶˣ

ĹȥͶ£˵̾˿Ц˾䣬
ľ͵갡ؼʲô

˵꣬۾۾϶ԣ˰ҲûҶȥǾ
ҩɾȣһ̱˵

ܾ͹ˣ軹֪飬ξȱ˵ˡȥ
꣬𣿡

룬˹ɣ˵¸֣û

˵վߣƲһǽϵƬһۣ˵

Ű

Ļ͸һݳ

û鷿ſڣıӰĿ߳ԺšҵĶ
Ȼ߸ЬյĶ

һɳϣͻȻ鷿ޱȵİ

ҰĿתŹǽϵƬϡһǶڰɫ
Ƭ

ǰʵҶԼҲһݳЦǽϵƬȡ
ǽֻһŶӣóʱ䶼ûӦÿǽϿȥͻ
ﲻԣ䷿ӶǿտˡҰѼƬǿŶ
һ飬û죬ҾժˣΪĶŤһ
˺ӰƬͷܹңһԼСʱż·ߵƬУ
żѽų⣬Ѷʵɡһȥүүǣ
ǽǵĽƬҸ˵鷿լԴ
յòᣬүүžͰ߳šû취һǰѱ
ӵֽƬȥҸ˭أ˲



ˣҺüװӣһȥүүǣһꡣ
ǹ͸ظļҡסصԺ׼ȥ
·ӡ

Ϊ˸лȥңɲҸȥǣһеĺ
һ顣

еĽͣٴƵϰ塣ƲˣΪ
Ǹ룬ͷһλ

ͺǸͬͬѧձСѧϰãֻử
Ǹڰ࣬һ˽ϰʱȥǰ࣬ͻںŵ
Ҳ˳ۣܹҪҶ֡Ǵ¼ڰȺŹλ
ǹ֣ҺıУ쿴

ҺͶֱбҵҺúˣ֪Լ
ʹ˾żΣǶԸ䡣

ð죬Һ;棡һ;Ĳԡ죬Һ
ûɶĵģ֪ɡ

ңͣ˳ԷҺͺ˼ƣ˷Լľ


͵ĸĸСʱˡһӡ
˼һλƵϰˡһֱ뵱ңԴѧҵȥ
СӮ廭ɻˣͳԲˣȥ룬վգ
㱳֣ȥˡļǰͶĶӣͬ飬
ȥ˺ӿͷĵ죬һˣǴƵ
Ա

ͽԼǰı仯˵껹ֺǣܽԼͻ
Եҵమãðϡ

ʵ仰ҲİΪ֪СӮܶҶԴ
Ϊɰߵġ

ҪҪСӮ塣

˵϶أҪɱȥֻǵǺúùһȿеǮ˵

ʣ

𣺡ȥùݰǿùݾ׬Ǯ

һЦȴзʧУʧ䣿Լʧ䣿
ͬʧ䡣

뿪ǲǸһȡЦŴ

˵

һƲƣͷƲġ

˳극Ȼءҵһס¼һẦ£ôҲ
ðͽš͵˾䣺

㲻˳·Ȼذɣ

ŷҲ˳·Ҳǰްַء
ˡȰ˱˵һ͡

һغߡҺһ·мˣҲ
廰ˣ˵ֻҪ֡־С

ҺûͣһֱϾɶ̶ȣƴ˭Ӵ󣬱˭ҴӴ


ǾЦɺˡҲס·Ѹ
⣬ҲûȺһһվȥˡ

Ϊ·ɳ̲ķܡ
̲ܹңͣ·һף
ǷӣˡҺͶҪɱˣһڰȦȡů
ӣӣ·˭û˭ظˡ

ҼǵҴ·ʱܹλͷҲǵġͷ˵
ʮȵ죬ϣǶӾʮҲʱˮ

Ҿͷˣ졣ûԺҼΣҩ
Ҿ˵ɵȱۣûõһ档룬ƽʱûӣҪӾһ
Ҳᷢգֱ˵չʮȣȻҽ
Ժȥˡһ;ԼӻУûһͲˣһ㽶ȥҽ
Ժյɶ̶ȡ



ɲϴƿúܣһңӲһͦ˵ҪĿ
ٸұȱȡ

˵Ȱ½ʮ߶˵ɡ̾һȥ

һᡣõİһ顣˵ǻῴһ
ϲˡ˵Զһ˾שͷӣԽԽߣԽԽ
ȥҺ󡢽שͷ䲻ˣɰ
ݳǽҲסֱǰ˵飬õ뷨
ˡ

͸˵õİϣΪϵɽ»𺣣Ϊף
Ҷ硣룬úһҲĻȺһáؼ
˼ǸˡŮ˲ϲ޸Ǯģ

Լϲʲôʱĸ飬
ҲΨһڲ֮ͬҴǰξֻ
Ҳ𣬲ǹܡ

񻹻ӦòˡΪ֮ǰλŮûɣ
Һ֮ǰΪΪѻ˵ңǱʶ
ĵºķɵļأˣҲ޷Ů˽彻
ڵˣ˵ҵǱʶѲܵأӦ
߱ǷҿκһλİŮʱˡ

ȷ֤Լһ뷨ĶҼƻȥ潡ɣ˵û
õĻԿɣ˵Ǹ
Ҳţҵ㣬ӵһͷǣš

˻ɡҲûµģרȥûγɵλ

ȥ˵һңһ֪иҰŵСѾְˡ
ǵϰСѻϼҼˡ

ȥ˵ڶңһ֪ҵһµҩӺȥҵС㣬
Ҳְˡǵϰ˵СѸУĳѵѧУһλʦ
Һ棬䡣ϰҶ˻˼ҵҪͰ
ϵһ£ֻ۸ҪϾݲͬˡҿʦ豻أ
ҵȻ롣

˶ûγɣҲû˼ҸˡĽǣΪʱ
ʱҲУǿԸһʽ

ʮ壬ݴѧѧſѧɱ⡣

λŮھӡȥŮھӵĹҴţͷתһȦ
òɫӱ֯ɵƷһߣרĵŪᣬ
ˣҲų⣬Ӧ˵ȫӡԼУ
磬ĮҸоԼûվͬһռ
ʲôĶ
ҰС

ֱһڿݣԹнӵһһȵĸУ˱ҵ
չһչÿҪʮչȫãһ¡
ÿǹ﹤Աһʱ䣬ǴȴͬˣҺͬǶ
æźã֮ǰǱļº˲֪ٱ

˼Ůھչ˼Ҷ˵βչıҵƷ
ƷõĻĶУָ̡ŮھһȻ⣬
֮ͬջϾС˾䣺

Ʊȥ

ƱϵľǮҶûŮھͷԼˣ
λǰҴչתһȦҲûһƷԹ䣬
ҲûϾչʶ࣬˼תСʱҲ
û湻

Ѽƻˣȿչ°ʹȥưɡǸ
רңҲˣͰҰŮھݵ֡

չ°࣬ҾʹŮھȥưɡһ
ա

ڽϻúã͵͸СľоǸԼ椣Ҵ
С֪ŮѶ࣬Ǵ֪еڶУǾ
ݡһֱŮھ˵жô㣬һ߶ˣ
ΪҲ֪ǰĶʮһֱڵ͹Լ

ŮھӶסĹƣ򶺵ùЦЦ仹ʱʱغ
һۡ

һ˳ֱҹٽɢˡĻðաһ
ƣһҵùңǰ޺Ůھһ
ˮȾ˭ôʱҸֺŮھӡҺȴˣ
ɵɵƵشһ䣺

Ǿǰްɡ

Ѫ

Ůھ˵꣬ûң˵ֻЦЦûһ˵ȥӸ绰
ȻûҴ绰ȥûӣŷϢ

Ǹģٴˣ㣡

ɨţҲ봷ԼȭҲûӡԺŻϷ

ͬңкưļλŮҺȾơ򱻼ڼλ
ŮмµšǶЦţƺڳЦҡ̧ͷתһ
ȦǵŤزڶܸеܵķҹ
һζİϤԽԽ



죬ŮھӰˣСӮҲûһͬ˸
ĸǡ

һ£ؿһµ籭йܡӽǿ
¹ûڡƱСֽţ׿ֽ¨һӣ
δζ׼

ڣλͻȻ׼ȥXѧϰ룬Һ⡣ǰ
Ҹô˵绰ôˡûֱӻشֻ˵˽
޹ء

ҸҪ뿪һ꣬˵

һԣȱ֤һ˵ͨ
õĻҲ㡣ʱҲͻˣʱҲ㡣

˵Ϳˣ޵ûͦġ

ôˡ𡣸˺һᣬ˵

Ժϵɡ

ʣǲѾ֤˰ɣ

һһ֣ԣ

ôһ˵ε̾˿ĲˡӦ䣬˵绰Ҿ
ֻϢȫɾɾһû

Xûתļֻ죬졣

ǰӦûע⵽ԴȥXҾ;żǹζ
ְζŮ˾ۼĴϡŮ˼һĻҵ
С

ҴСϲ֣˶˷ܣپ͹µXǶʱҸ
ǰԼһְҿɲżζֻǣʱ
򻷾ǰˣҵȴҵûǵú
һҾĶ¡

Xһ£յһϢɼ˻ͦ˵ġ

һң

𣿡

ϰ۲ۣ

ʱԷ𣿡

Щûõġ

ʣͻ԰ɣ

ûңԼĻ⣬˵

Ҫ˯ŶԺ󳴰ײһҪƬػ彡


ʣôôҰ

˵ǸëþУʡ˵㡣

ĵ˺ҹظټĽһ꣬Ƕˣ
ҺϵζûϵϡֽĿҲûȳ룬
Ǵκҵĳģټ֮ǰҵһյܽɡ

X˰ꡣһ죬ҺͼλͬһȥᡣҵļУ
Xһ졢Ǹֳζ
ΪԡҲǴϣ˼¡

һƷҿ죬ӡǾҵλĹݲƷ
ƬҵλݲƷͬ¡ȷ˵ǣҷǷƷ
ϸڣߡߴ硢ݵȡϵһУϸȷ
ڻıСݴѧУƷӡ¡

ҽ»㱨λ¾ͲڽĹˣֻ䡪

꣬ҵ˴󲿷УѶʧݲƷȥ
ǣͲݹݳͼеһλԱ

ʱУͼǡݹݲҵ¥ϡͼݹԱ㣬
һ͵˽ʮ꣡

̫ˡǰԩģҲҵ쵼ݹݳڳ
ԩѩǼ˺ܶ࣬ú״ǰݡ
ɿϴǮҲˣͨǽ
λҸСٵ

Ǻ󻰣صXʱʱϾҪع꣬ɵλ
ͻȻһˣXٴһʱ䣬ư

ӵλţµع˸ꡣֱ£ݵĴ֮ٻ
죬ΪҵòμĻ

һصݣ˷ɻĺҴǹ
ζŶ˸ɾ

ңһӵҾͱԹ˵鱾Ƕǰ
ֳźһٽᣬԲŸĵ˵λ
ͼѻϣֱһΪֹ

ҺһȢϱƵġ֪ŮѶ࣬ıҲ죬Һ
ΪһˣŮûɣȻٻһλ
ҪɣɻиɣҲ˵ҪǾμĻҿ϶
кܴźΪҶģϿ飬ȻҾû
ҺýʱʹǼȱиȥ

Ӻø˵˼ĸҵģһˣ˺
˵

ұŰ棬ĸҵģĵư

𿪣Ҽͷһżһᡣ

˻Ҿ֪˭ĵˡŮھӡǸճġҲţ
дһҳ˵һ鲻μ˼չܻӭ
һᣬΨһõľûҵʵӰˣ
Իһӡ˵һúõ
һҵķ͡ţôġ

ǰʱʱصյһţֹ˺ܶ䡣ҷ
ᣬܾÿҰû˵ҿɶҰǻ
ʶǡˣӻƮһ仨꣬Ѹɿݵ˻ϵһ仨
꣬Ȼ͸ĺɫġҽ·ϼ
һûڹҵŮˣȻʧ䡣

ʮ

ǴʱûԺȥүүǣ̰Ľ
ӣүүơ

ڶĻʮû٣ˣ
ŮԡЦ˵ǰŮѵ͵ռһ롣

СѧͬѧһĴ󲿷Ҷʶͬѧһ飬
вסҼҲУֻܵűӣΪ϶
ƮǹӰζ

͹ˡζģ

˼ε⣬ζûˣٽȥζٴγ֡ȷ
ζڡ

Ļϣ˵̵˻ʽȥϴּ䣬
һָоζǴһλġҾǷߣʱ
򻹱۾ǰֻһζԭȥԽζ
Խԡ

ͣľԶһǵĻСѧŮͬѧ
˵Ҳܽȫǵɼ죬ϾͬѧʱҲ
̫϶ӡ

ûҴкϵһλŮ˾䣺

ˣû

ŮС͸߿ԼԣʮҲδ

Ұѻһתһ鱧ԹŮ̫ԶһΪ
ӸʱʱϹ

һᣬҾͷϱҵλһֱûͷҡܸо
ζǴϷġұߺϵļλ٩Χתֱת
˵棬һĿӣ

һλ긾ŮһЦȴ̶һɻþĻ类
ݺݵسһƣұܵסζ̾Ͱ
䣬Ũҡ

ǵطûˡҴӿܳ˾Ƶãҵ̫
£ζûҲŸҴڵԵȻͷ顣

ĻСѧʱİΣ

һˣҴǰŵġŮ˵زϡھưŮ
˵ϡXŮȺСּϤİζʵǰ
İζζͷ۱ĩζĻϡ

ŤͷһۣĿž档εİζŮϵζ
ɶϵܿŹ֡ǸˣʵиӰһֱ
˶ʮꡪӰγҰƿʼֱǴε

ʮһ

µôͷ˵سػСѧ꼶ʱҺһŮͬ
һһɫıȹ֧۵ĸ첲ڿϣרΡͻ
аȹڴһ죬ҵһСľ˽ȥ
ڷ㶣ʵһ˽ܿռεƺܸܵɢ
ŵɢζȷȥȥƽ̹ز
ûһŤͷһۣǸоʲô̰Ѹ첲ӿ
ϻסڣüͷҵһ֣ûɴӿ
ͣȷ˵Ǹ֡ҸϽת˱𴦣ɲ
ģҶĿͣΪѱȹͷ
ˡ

ұ㲻ͣػεҼ֤ĳɳ֤
زϵǼɵУ

ǸС£ʵϸ˵Ǽ¡

һ¿ΣŮͬ͵ز¸˰Ρεʱ
ᣬѧȥ칫ңһɫǡȺòûҽ̣һ
ĭӣһƽһƵϳ顣İ䲻СҲ
ҵƤˣǰۣľͲˣֻͻȻżİ
йζǺζӷ۱ĩζֱұ꣬Ҹеģ
¡

ΰƵζӦþǴҵǿ𣬱ؽҵС

ΰҵ¼֪үүȫͬѧǰ˵Ǹû
ںŵĽûͬΪ⵽ͬѧεӣ
ʱԭʵұͷ˵ˣͬǿʼһˣǰ
ΣŮͬ

ǸѧÿοԶڰǰéǼԺҾˡ

ɶ¸ɶ˶ϰߣ˶ҲϰߡСѧ˳У
ʼһ鷢ˣ¾¾ŵţСʱö˵£
;ˡЩҡҵ˶ҳ˸ǣ˸һ
ûһȺûһգҿˣְЦˣֻ޷ıģҶ
Ůͬĺޣ

Сʱÿ˶룬ʦѧҡʲôģҵʱ
ҪŮͬôȥҲû뵽аȢŸ
İ취ˡתռ

ʱ˸ڰ࣬ҲǴʱʼ׷ģûš
˵ġ֣Ǽɵġ

ﲻ٣ӵӣ˵ˣеĻת֡ӡ
Ǹһ˽ڣһȺɫõ巢Сʵܹ
ˣҸŶ

ܿݴѧҾ͵Ůѣ

ҴСѧ꼶ʱͿʼѧϰˣܿݴѧŹ֣
ʱһɾһؽңõڿ̳ŵȦȦ
һСӡһ쵽ȫڸϰֻҪˣҵ˫
ϵȦһţָͷСһҵľͻˡ

Ҿڽ£ͻݴѧ¼ȡ֪ͨ顣죬
ŮͬԼҵݴѧĸݡʱر𼤶ߵǵ
ʱԶſվ֫޳ҲϺɫı
ȹıףϻһ˿Ǵһ׸
߳ġСԹĻ룬Դ׸衪˵Ҭԣ
ɳ̲ϵĺ紵ķ˿ȹǣ˼ˣǾȷ
Ŀŵĸ߽ͷϴǳȺɫõ巢Уһ˲
Ҷĳޣˣȫʧˡƣͺޣǿʱ
ؽ

ǵģŮͬ־ͽãҵŮѣš
衭

ʮ

˵⣬ЦˣҲ֪ΪɶЦԴһǶСƲʻ
Ϲţǹģе紵ˡɢ
ˡǴˡ

ھƵſڳ˰̡绰ȥˣҸϿ
ȥ

ǴרμĻŻعģԲʲôͦס
˼վߡҼ˺Ȼܸ
ܵζͷƮ

СѧͬѧŮյһ顣ңǡڰ
ε棬ÿһ̧ͷ඼ܸڿҡȻز
̧ͷһۣȻֱܵضĶǰ档

ÿһζӣҶǱһƣܸоַֻɹҡ
ӼвˡٱӺȾƵȵȣֻҪڶҾ;ҷ
˽ڶ赲סﻹſ⿩ڶ
ʵ첲ٳøӣҲвмǵ

αƳ˲ϵǡÿһλ
ļǿܰ˳˵ÿһλص㣬Լ
ɼˮƽֻת⣬˴Ծֱһλ

ҶԴ⣬Ϊҵļ̵ģΨеľİƣ
ҾãļҲǸûȻҪ
Խ

һЦϣŴҵĹֻͬң˷İƣ
ɶҲɡ

Ҷ⣬꼶ʱΪҪ뿪ȥˣ
ͻȻ뿪ѧУʱȫͬѧܺ档ΪߵǶʱ˸
ˣ׺ϲ˴ˡʱôԶУֻҪ
СëǰٳǰҾͷùһճû죬
ϵ׻ûأʹְˡʱҾ˲٣ɵû
¾ϲ²ȥˡǲ£޽ز£µԽԽء
˾񲡷һ׵Ů׽ߣ⵽ͷһֻ
ϼź죬ҵĲ²ⷶΧʱҶڿ


˹ĨǵΪɶߡȥġûشܿ
ͬѧͲˣɷмģһϾ

ֱһӣȫһѹ˵Ҫҽ¡ͬѧ
ϽǿеĻߵλҪ

ʹһƣԼľ⿪˴ա

δУǴ˵Ǽ˵£ǶԽʦ˵
ϡʱһУʵϰʦԺУӦˣû
ĺӡʵϰ˵һҵͻȢţɲ˼ʵϰһ
ˡɵһֱʵϰȢֻǵһһˡ
ְӣҲûʵϰŶûˡ
֪룬ʵϰ˺еˣʱ
࡭

˵ӡҺݺݵشһλһƽһ
ش򣡽λǸΪʱȫڷйԼǸ
˳Ͳ

Ȼû˵Ǹ˭󲿷ͬѧҲˡ

Ҵǰҿôһ˵̧ͷĿ̱ӡ
룬˿ӣƾɶңΪİҵζ
ŤҵҲԭ

ͷƱ￴ƺǿҶĻӦ˵ԭ
Ϊڼ˺ܶ಻ǵ£ѧУѧڼĸ
ͽ㳳ĸסŮŮѧ˵
˵ְ֡ʱŮһơ

˵ԼŮβᡣϵļλȥο˵Ķ
ǳҲλҲùȥľ͹ȥˡ

ӣҵҲ˲٣ֻǰζɢȥƽ
ΪҵԼĺ

ʱκ쵼֪ͬѻУԾڶӴ֮ǰְˣ
ְŮŮʱȥձȥˡձһ
Ƕʮֱ꣬ȥסԺʱŻعҽԺ㻤ʱ
ĴңżȻеУĻ䡭

⣬Ļʣ

λعרտ׵𣿡

˵Ҫǵġһԭ򣬾ŮҲعΪŮ
Сһλйѧϰ֯Ʒ˵ܶഫͳ
ڹѾţԱҪعйഫͳõ
õĴС

ˣܾеϤҰһѹʣ

ŮȥСӮ𣿡

˵һʼסСӮ壬ɺ˵˲ĵ£
ְˡ

һ˵ûʡҾԼ˸󽱣粻
ǣе㲻ǺްˣٻеԲס

ʮ

˵꣬ҵϲµ˴𰸡ԶûСѧ
꼶ʱô棬ʮ˵Ȼ⡣

һ۰ΣȰ̬Ըδ˳áм
λӲʵϰһӶ࣬ɶɶ˳

û̫ݣôһ⡣˵
ˣҪձˣֻŮȻڹڣŮڹûѣ
ԱλӦ

Ҷ˵νӦðŮܡﶼ룬
ŮڳĻҵöܰ˵Ѿ·ˡ

ͬѧʰΪβڹڣҪȥձءЦ˵һ
ԼˡҼϲӣͿϲ£ǲλˡ
εͷ˵λعġϲΨŮ
˵һҪúðѹأǧҸʵϰһĻˣһӾ
Ƕʮꡣ

е죬˵

̫ˣ˵治ɣΪλعһ£ǵ
ҵλʵϰҲŮİְ֣ͻȻˣ顣

һղŻλŮžû˶
֮ǰǵʵϰļλе㷢࣬еͷģԷƾ
ġ

һĵһ룬ǰר˵Բ𣬻
һҵһ̣ҵǸѣһͱȫˣһ
ɡǺԩսȴҲˣңȴ޼ҿɹ顣ֻ
ø˸ģƮɢΰĺζͷ۱ĩζ˲䵭
Ȼ޴档

ʮˣ֮ǰһֳ޳ҵӣɵʱȫɢˡ
Ҹоҵӳ˿տǣӸͷQͷ
ռޣɵڴǰֻҪӸӣ
á

ҴڴڵںµĿˬҵᶼ

˰ΣĻûȹ񫡣ȵϣȥ
ưɡѵüôһŰ˷ݣɴϱ
һºҲѹҵİѱ˵»ҹûϱǰ
߳ˡ

Һ˾ưɡڶ죬绰šһѡ
ƿˮߵưſڿ档죬һëë꣬Ʋ
ס̫Ҳֲ绹硣

ʮ㣬ķɻûˡû˯
Ҹ˵ûظɶǡšһȥ

ôҵεģ

һôʣˣûϧңҵưɵб


ұԵÿ죬꿴ϵѪ˿ˣöԲס
»֮ҹ

Ҹʻ߸Լ꣬˵𼱣ʱ㣬
Ъȥ

ҴӰȡԿףݸ˵

㲻ҪСӮ￪ưԺˡ

һ̫ţݽ˼¸ձĴ꣬ұ
ʣ

ļٵģ

ȶˣоԴεģһǹζ
Ҿͳ׵˾ƣƽջ˲١

İŮزζëձκãҾǹӴζ
ˡ

ҰһƣǴԿһģ˵

Ųš

һ꣬Ҳȥˣôⶥ⡣

СԷ䣬ھͰ˸ɾקҸ
ߣҪҳǰȥԺΪ̾ͻȥ
죬ҿûɶҪĶоͰʰûо͸
ؼļ˵ȥǿһ۵Ļȥľûˡ

ȥֲȥ

ҵСӮ塣һһ췱ѶǸеİ

Կ׿ԺĴšˣְ룬
ת

ſ죬ƻôи졣

ԺʯϵûݣҽһŴ¥
ҪԺһֱֺǺǵģ¥ȴûЦұ
ϣҵݸ̣ʣ

ȷ⿪ưɣ

ҵͷ

ʣԺסģ

˵һпסڴϡ

һ飬˵Ҿ͸׼񡣡

֪ҵľ仰ľ仰ף˵ʱʱ

ʵҪ⡣һ˹סأ

ţ£ʣ

ղ鷿һŹǽϵƬ˵㶼ôˣô
ûõƬȡ

ҷӦһᣬҸڴ

Ƭլõģ˵ƢԽԽլ񡣡

˵Ҿ¥Ҫȥ鷿ƬǽȡǽϹŵƬ
첲ȳӵĹҪȥժɴһ
ưƬйϱ紵ȹӣǺɫıȹҵϻ
Ȼ˵Ҭԡ

ֱ鷿ŰҴƬקҸզˡ
˵ûϵһˡȣλզȥá˵룬
ԺҲˡ˵ûû˵һ˵ȥ

ҰǽȡҵĿ˳Ժţڴ
Сƣı仯ο͹ࡣߵߵͣҼ
߸ߵعšΪڴߣȫĵطǻ
ȴԵú֡

֪ԭ￪˼ùݣܻ𱬣ܻӭöСӮ
Ķˡһ䣬ҶһȥסһҪܣ
˵ùݵϰ徹λˡ͡

һͣǸҵ¸ˣֻ֪Ǹ룬
ùݵϰͣôϰҲӦǲİ˰ɡ뿴զ
ˣߡ

͹Ȼͷһñʾӭ֪ҼԺ
򿪾ưɣ˵ѡ׬ǮɶҪܵ󡣳׬Ǯ
ûˣɶɶԸԣΨһܴľʮ
ȶҹһ˶ΪԷ˴Ĵָ໥ӶԷΪż
ΪЦ˺һ󣬹ұؼ⣺

ˣǶأ޶ˣ

һ㶣һۣ˵

ڸҿЦɣǲֺ𣿡

Ҳһ㶣զ£һ£ұټ
ˡһ̣ûʳ

ת˻⣬͸Ͻһʡٵű˵š˲
ˣˣû˵ټȴҲû˵ᡣ

ʮ

һϳȥѰ˼ûͺãôûϵ
뵽ǵֽ̨Ŀˣóʱûȳˣ򼸴ζҪת
ƿĻ⡣Щһգұ㵣տһڰĵӰ
ͻȻΪ˼ǰ뵽һӾˡ

򣺡أ

˵֪

ҰѸղûĥ͸óˡɶشͻ˵
֪

ͬѧϢͨһλӱҵ⡣ԽˣҾ
Խ´ˡ

һһ䣺

Ƿ񻹻ţ

ܲƶͻȻŲɲѳ·һͣ˵

϶û

ҵһűʲôҪ

䣬˵Ҫ¸˵ף

֮ǰ㲻Ұҵ㣬۰ͬѧһȥҽ
ԺʱġΪɶҪȥҽԺȥǵͬѧǰޡ

ɶ˼ˣ

˵λûȥҾ;ù֣˰ԭ֪
ǰ޲ˣ۰ͬѧɶ֪Ϊ˶ģԴҲû
⻰⡣

ԽԽ˵ȷʵ֪õɶ

ͷǱһת׶ңҵٰ֡

ǰѴӣһգݺݵĿҡ

Ǳұˣ̱ڳϣᶯԹϿӽǣĳһ˲
ͷҿȹδز͸˯ȹ
ӡһԶԶؿվſڵı
ϣ鷿

ٰ

˰Ҳоӣˡ˵
ˡֻ֪ɹɶͲˡ

óֻõ绰Ȼû˽ӣ֮ǰһ

Ҷ˵ͷȥǡ

һٰʮȴתҵ

Ҿ֪Ҫ˵ɶղͣΪɶʡͣ

͵·ǡţûˡҵѼҡҾ
Բס򣬱ˣ˵ҽ϶߲ˣɶϵ
ϽؼҺϱȥ

ڼң⣬ҽţҺŮûʱһĿ
ѿ䣬ء˵ϰȥˡ

룬öôˣϰࣿûֱʣֻ˵
飬ɱϾһôˣͻȻ绰ͨҲҲҺܵ
뿴

˵꣬ĨᡣӣҵľͿʼ
Ů

Ѿڱ裬˵

ܺòŹ֣ɣǰǰϰ࣬дӡ׼
̨굱ʵСʱ룬ÿֱ
ϣɼ򵥵Ĺʵÿ춼ҪĴľ

ѱ߲߸ҽ赱ǰĹ״̬

Ҳ裬ɶʱѹڵһλܰӻòŹ֡
˵һҲˣΪĲ鲢ûôأ
ϰࡣ

ϵʽѾһᣬ˵ʵ飬˵
绰ĿʵϾҵϵ費֪ˡ

ջǱŮҸûʱһȻվ
ߣרŲ֪µ绰ҡ

ҴѼҳʱͷѾСˡҳһѸɡ
вĵ绰

ʮ

绰Ҷεͷ˵绰ɾǰû
ι˼Ǳ߲ҡɶ¡

ɶ¡Ϥ֣ԽϤҾԽ
ֻΪɶ˵˵ɶϵҸϻͼ
ϻ

ģ

ϡ

ȥģ

ϰࡣ

ʣ廹ðɣ

ʣʲô˼᲻𣿡

˵ֱٰ֪ˡ

ˣŵٰأ

ҵʮ㣬ҶˡתһȦŷӦȷʵ
֮ǰ˰죬ֻ˵ˣȴû˵ɶ
ֽٰ˵ģ֮ûˡ

һ뵽⣬ҵͺˡ֪׵ɶʣ

Ϊɶֵ̨Ŀˣ

𣺡ҵˣڸĳں̨

˵ϧҼǵС뵱̨Ŀû뵽
һʵ־ͷˡԵ˲ǰϡĽĿ
ΪƽҶȫǶǶһûһˣż
߶߶䣬һˮƽûɶ㵹ã
ֱӸУһҲûȳ㶯

û˵ȴôɡϵһ

ԽԽЬʪ͸ʪһ룬ҹյ·ߵһСͷ
ꡣ˸ոջͷϵɡǰӲĶȥǽǡ

֡ι˼ǱȻû˶һֱ˵ҪԼģ
˵ҪϲûҡҲӦǵźŲðɡֱ绰
һ䣺

ʱ仹𣿡

ȷźûϣ˵

áЩ㡣

ߣףҲĻ˵ûʱ
ѧ˵ûԺǲҪԼˣˡ

Ϊ˸׽桰ĻðաŮھ˦¸˵
һ顣

ЦЦֿޣ˵

Ƕһʮ˰

Ļ͸ίͲʡûǣ˵ĶʮǴӺ
Ǵ꼶ʼô㷨ܡ

˵Ҫʮˡ

ңֲأ

˵ɶҶԸһ𡣡

޵ĸίˣ˵

ĲһˣԲ𡣡

ĿҶ̣ҲҲһˣ˵Բ
һ˲Ұֻ쵽沿ԶĵطӲذѿһһʣ
ֱֿ԰ֻûص˶ߡ

˵ɻҪȥX֪ɶʱǰֻһ档

ڿޣȴʣ

ķɻ

ѣ㡣

ǰһߣ˺þҲγ˾䣺

ֻһΡĲˡ

˵Уģ

𣺡黨ڣAڡ

ʱ䣬Сʱ߹ȥܲʮܵ˵

𶯣ʮӣھȥ㡣

һš

ҹҵ绰ҪܣүˣûС˿籩ꡣ
±һˣڵã˼ˣ

Ҽɡɡܲܳŵסأüһ
ǰ˶СĵϿ߿λ˷š

ҲϿһۣͷһšһ
Ůлҿͷ죬ôǻƻµķɣ
УҲ̫ţۿ˿ű⣬ǡΪĳԺǰɻ顷Ȼ
ǷɻȢϱˣܲλɮѲɮۣ
һװٴһЦ߽Լͻʱ
յ谭ȢԼŮˡ

ûּӣҲİ˭Ǿ컹һ
Էİΰ

۾ʼεĶʼˡ֪Ѫѹ
Լġ

ӶǽУּ»мһλ
û⿴ǶԺ˵ġϼĶ䣬Ҿ֪˭ˣ
ƮĻ꣡

СΡŮھӣλǸҳ˵ѧ⡣Ȼѧã
˼Ұѹʽг벻ᶼѡ

Ҹհ꣬һŤ۾ֱض
ͷҡһһҾƱ۾һУ
ңҪҼӰѾ

ӣһ⡣һ̣Ҳǽˣоˣվֱ
ţָоҵǸ򣬰ѿһɣϴܣ
ȫǾ

Ҽ˴ɡվɡµԴſ˴ͣʹ
һűҵķΡȻٺݳһԼƨɣ
Ĩ͵ȣʹﱼ

һ·ꡣɡ紵ϡãûҾȫʪ͸ɡ
һӣø죬۾Ҽ˭˭ذ
ټѻҾǸͲ﷢ӣ䣡


ͣһƣۿ͵ǵڣ׼
ըɾվһԶԶؿҡǹҲɶˣ
һЦݰҸסˡȽ˱У첲ϥǣŴ
ͲѪˡ

ǰĹǴҿƬܳģȻ֫޳
Ҳǳɫȹɫı׺ͻƽЬ
ʱҾԾĽ࣬кϤĸ衣ܸе
λҬԵĹﲻˣ΢Цأ
Ľ࣬ģԼˡ

ǹɡŵͷϡ걻⡣оֱ

ɵѽվˮꣿǺᾢ˵ʱǸɶʱ
䲻ˡ

ұᡣҶɡرڻ

ͷϴŵĳȺɫõ巢аҵѳһӣһӻζұ
ˡҺӣءܸǻ
ֲ˭ڡһ̣ȫǲٷ
زСͻȻصСѧ꼶Ҹܵɢ
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ң˵

ܲ㣡

ҵûðˮȫʵͷƤϣ
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ˣҵȱˣʣ

Ƿɻĵ㻹㣿ܸ𣿡

ûգϡ

׷ծղ㲻˵ҪҸϲ𣿡

ŰһɣҾ˵µġʪĨ˰
ɤѹ

Ұ۵ԺˣΪ£պö㻹Ժû
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˵ְ꣬һ

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ҪŹϣһøϸ

˸٣ͻȻˡ̧ͷǶСƲʰ̫סˡС
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ҿƲʣӹſû

һ̵ƣݾǰ棬εĺ¥ң

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Ҵ𣺡ҽ˵ֻܻ꣬ⶼٸˡʵˣһ
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Դˣܻ᲻˼ػشв͵һ͵ڶ

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ʱҵشˣСڷ¡Ƿ
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Ĵ𰸣Ҷԡв͵һ˸ǣǰӡɨ£
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꣬Ǵšв޵СԸͷѧģҶ
˽⣬ҶԷ͵ߡأҲ
С﷨ͣҴط͡˼ҷͲвͣ
вֵ˼ͽĵطҺԼԷ͵Ƴϲ
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͹ķͶԵعԶңɼ෴ܶʵķ͹
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ڷԱ˵ʡ֮ĵ
ѰҡĹ۲죬һ˻ʮŷԪԼҶʮԪͿԳԵ
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ȥһһǻǲһۺζӾĲȣ˾
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ٷ֮֮䣬нײżһȫеֵһ
Ѫȥһȫ򶥼ĽȥŮ
⿴ʦ-շơƤˣAnne-Sophie PicƷһΣ
Ȼ۸񲻷ƣҲǽڷ¹ʱ׼ķ֮һ˷֮һ֮
䣬нײֻҪǰ滮ø˿֧Ȼγ档

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ЩȶĻ˻ǳйʻѧѧǣڷл
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ܷ͵ͬʱƽ͡Ե̬ȥв뷨͵Ĳ죬
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Щ˵ĳʫʶѾʧˣ־͵Ҳһ
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ͥᣬ츩Ҳͬоἰ˲׸

˱ĩ꣬ſʼ仯ɽںݵԴι
նµʫƪꡱеעд˺ݴźʿ
Ҳʫעûṩκν͡ʵݼûдźҲû
ʿʯȴдźʿġƲ⣬˴ĺǳݣʯ
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ΪɽںݣҶСӦ쳤һʣ ϡңɽǰ
Էȴ֮Ͳáܿš¼ʼ֪ڳݴ
ؽ硱Ʋ⻹ЩΪԴιעʫע
նµʫҲмأ᲻ӿ֤Ͷɽ¶ԡ
ҲԴιע˼ƫͣͣҲ˵һ
ζʫ䱾Խͣ˴ʫѰʷϵĿ֤һǷ
ҲͲжˡź͵ʿ񶫺ɽ
˾ռȫܶطУ˵ݺͳضеʿӸ
ԾѾСˣ˵ȫܣȻػͬʱд
ǾǼȫܵˣ˵Դι͵עⶨȻ


ġָһ˼ڡ־еĶ
ָŶʮԡݼɽ֮һԶɽΪɽҲʵԵذ
ɽתݡ߲ѯй׵δҰ
顷һ˵һ됴һ顤־ʹ
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됴˲ܳʦ֮ǡҪ˼˵ΪҰ
顷дɵʱ1195꣬ն1202꣬˼ġ
־ǣ1220꣬ƲⱾӦ1202꣬
1210֮󡣲һ£˼ة࣬
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1170꣬ɽǧʷϣһرֵעһꡣһ꣬
½εһ;ɽ֮ʱڡǡд֣
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طɡߡҲΪ½ֻһС٣΢ᣬڡǡеĶ
ڵʱԼɽ֮δɺܴӰ졣ҪǷ
1170һС£Լʮ֮һϵжġ
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˺ع뷨ʮ֮󣬷лᡰʿ첷ʯ˵
رĽʱתɽף˵ҲҪӪ됼䡱Ǵںݽ
ׯ԰ֹ˼꣬Ӧ1170ңһˮīɽˮ
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ˡһ꣬ͼĸɴ󣬵õ˴ͼĵһϡ
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ԭƽںңϿգɽӡɽ
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Щϵθ߹ˣԼһЩݵͣ˵ӳҰ
в˶Ͽɸɽһ˵ټǰἰʱ
ԺһЩġҰʹ顷͡־ڿʼȷ
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ųмλ֪ѣᣩһ˳ˮ۵ӡ
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⣬Ȼɽʯ˵ĳ½κͺҶεã
ٻ˳˵һ䣬ġܸի¼࿯11541157֮䣬Ҫ
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ԴιǲԵġ

ģԪɽ

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־еĴʾ⾳ժȫʫ

׾ϪͼԪ㣩 ´̫ϳֱɽǰ 
ɽԼĺѧ¼Ԫ꣩ 됾ɽˮһ˼
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ݣԪĩ飩 ƶڸδա 
ͼԪĩţ Ҽסϣ泪ɽ
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Ҧֱɽͼ 塤ʣ˶ʤΣǫ֮δڡ
ɽƧȤɢ

ѩ̲Ÿ  ĩë䣩 
δ飬̲ѩ
ԭӣ⽭ѧ㡣

˵ 塤׼
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Աһ£дʯɽʫҲУ˵ˣҴѾ
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ʿ(ž): ָκ۴һ̡ɽͷɫ
ǵսѪۡ
ƺ¥ (塤ԭ) ɽǰ˪ƾϲײġ

ʿƼɽҲ ()
ɽͷž飬ΰٳк¥
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һ棬һЩݵط־Ҳʼɽˡݸ־
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Ǿν֮ߣԳΪ()ͱ֮򶫹Ҳ
ǣڳ־вͬļأɽʮ־


ǰνɽǽһڶīͱµľʤ
ûһϵľڣϰһǲ֪ģɽֵ
ȻҲͲںݵϰյڵĺݵҲ֪
ɽԣЩݵط־ļȻҲ˵硣
˴ìˡ

־ʯɽȥݰݷ֮ǰѾд
ɽӣΪƳĺݲûɽطڣһЩ
īͿʼ־ͱµɽΪݣ˵ͼ
λ˸߹ȡϾһμΪɹĹжһٵ춨
ɽ֮˺ɽ֮˵ѹ˻ʯ˵ºƺ֪
лʯһ˵ֱ70ĩʩݴġʫٻʯ˵
½вͬڵСѧĿαжɽע⻹˵㽭
ݣϣԺܹҪϻлʯһ˵

һСİɣ
ɽǰطɣ
ǧǺ
ƶۣɣ
ϸϸʡ

---------------------------------
οף

ʫٻ 43 ־ͣ - ʩݴ
http://www.saohua.com/shuku/tangshi100/tangshi041.htm

˵ر˵ɽ־͡ӡ1 - ȫ
http://www.hsdcw.com/html/2017-7-27/870121.htm
˵ر˵ɽ־͡ӡ2 - ȫ
http://www.hsdcw.com/html/2017-8-10/872795.htm
˵ر˵ɽ־͡ӡ3 - ȫ
http://www.hsdcw.com/html/2017-8-17/873869.htm
˵ر˵ɽ־͡ӡ4 - ȫ
http://www.hsdcw.com/html/2017-8-24/874876.htm

½ɽʯ˵ - 
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_50bacc330102xhar.html

־롰ɽǰطɡ - ʷ
https://www.yzzdlx.com/art28e6.html?id=2798

ᡶͼֳơѩϪͼƪϣ
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/40057

״Ԫټעණʫ - 
http://wsp.yqlib.cn/yjwx/yjlw/201407/P020140721574639597569.pdf

ն´ ¼ ο鼰Դ - 
http://www.tianyashuku.com/rwzj/7821/323352.html

͡סססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

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һηİ˹̹

19015£22İ˹̹Albert EinsteinĴѧͬѧ
棨Mileva MaricԼʿ߾˹ɽеݼʤؿĪ
ȹʱ⡣

ã˹̹յţˡ

űԼϲáȴԵɣҸոն
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죬ϲһҪ

ڷΪΪ֪ΪҪĺϢ֮תʵ
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κθţҲûǷʩûã

ʵ˹̹ʱĴ൱⡣ѧҵѾһˣûҵ
ֻǿѧʱʦͿ⸨СǮ
еظܵѹŵӱŬȥһʽʹ
ȥաһҵ룬ͻ飬е
ɷ򡢸׵Ρ

״ΪпᡣѧʱǰΨһŮ־һҪ
ѧ˵дһ·ȻԸΥڱҵ
˸ΨһߡƻϰһؿԼ롣Ļ
Ȼúܲʱ򡣴⣬ò԰˹̹ĸ׶ǹϵļ
ԡ

ոս20͡ŷޣδС˽ڴţӰ
˹̹ıְĻᡣڻڼֻù¶ù
Լϼңڸĸıӻĵ˷䡣

˹̹һԸĻǸк֪ǸŮ
ΪȡΪɪLieserlӳ֣ͬй
һŮκ˿ǵͨšļʧļʮ
ȫΪֱ֪1986꣬˹̹ȥ磩30
ǰ鱻֣׮زŽ빫ҰʱѾ޷
ҵκйɪĵ¼ʷѧ˴ɪ
⣬ܵ㱻͸زۡ



Ȼ˹̹˽ûŮǻȳʵж
û̫ġ滳ڼ䣬ȥùӡû
ͬؼһڷʱȥϲáΥԼûлʱ
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иϲġ

ɵ£Philipp Lenardѧңں
Heinrich HertzָоŲߵĴ1887꣬20
ȷֵŲߴ֤ʵ˹ΤJames Clerk Maxwell20
ǰĵѧۡУطֵĳЩŲ
ǸƵʵߡ䵽ʱᵼ½з߹
cathode ray tube20͵ӻնˡʾװõĹؼ
Ƶߡ

߹ܼ19ĩŵ֮һ1897꣬
ӢķɭʿSir Joseph John Thomsonȷɷǳ΢СĴ
ɣ༴ӡǸʱѧѾˡԭӡ
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൱ɻķɭʿֵӱԭӻҪС1000౶Ӧԭӵ
֡һ𾪣ʶ΢Ŀˡ

ûܿһ졣1894Ԫȥ36ꡣֵ
ߵ½е󱻳ЧӦphotoelectric effect
Ҳǽ̫ܵصԭRɵ¼̳еʦ²оһ
ƽйؼԵĸĽ˴ϵͳܿ췢һЩ˲
ʡ

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γߡŲҲЯ䵽ʱҲһ
ЩӻΪŲö񵴣㹻Ķܶ

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ٶ֮ӿ졣˹ΤĵУŲЯǿȾ
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ʹ£ȻܹݵĵӣֻĿ޼

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һƵʷΧԳûзӦΪǵ
۾ĹֻһƵʷΧĲ񣬶Ƶ


еĵӿκƵʵĵŲ˲߱۾
ѡԡRɵȴ֣ÿֽһضƵʡƵ
ʵƵʣ۹ǿҲйЧӦκθƵʵ
䣬ʹǿǳҲܿӳ֡

Щֵı˹Τĵ۲ݣ޷͡
İ˹̹ϲ֮ڡʱǱоʿˣMax Planck
õһۡ˹̹Ѿʿ˵˹Τ۴
ͥԤе˹ΤۻӦûսRɵµ
һµ֤ȻԶԶδе磬ȴѾ˷Ī
ŮѷδеĴ·ŵ˵ڶλ



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ҹĲŷ޼ѧͶְŶò֮
תΪʵʡ;ڴѧеͬѧõѸ˹Marcel 
Grossmanĸʿ벮ר־ֳǺѡ˹̹
һֱߴٸ˹Э׵ĺţרıȡһְλº
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19021£ϼҷ֮ʣ˹̹רֹδʵ
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Ѿ㹻ˣһбϵĹԱְ񣬶΢нʵ
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áRɵ¹ЧӦ͵ģ69յġϷ

󼸸£йء˶Brownian motion
ۣspecial relativityȼۣmassCenergy 
equivalenceƪģĵһ漣꣨Annus Mirabilis
ƪרֵͼְԱ֮֡лʱͻĽ춨
ѧʷеĵλ

Ȼ˹̹ľû̵Ըı䡣ѧıְŬ
ȻƵƵڣרּꡣ



˹̹ڵ¹ϲǰʩ߱Կء
Ѷôĵ¹˿ءУ˹
̹ԳΪӢµʩ߱ˣValiant Swabianʫ
Ludwig Uhlandʫһʿд
Ӣµʩ߱η壨But the valiant Swabian is not afraid.

˹̹֮ԴѧҵͶ·൱̶ҲΪʩ߱˵ľ
͹ִ¡ڰ˹̹ѧ19ĩѧǷ켫ľ
硣˹ΤͨһƯѧͳһ˵ʹ໥ãʾ˵Ų
ڲָճϤĹֻضƵʷΧڵһֵŲѧ
ţ٣Isaac NewtonԻ͵ĳɾͬ͡ʱ˹Τ
Ludwig BoltzmannִͳѧΪѧṩ˼ʵѧ

Ӵѧ꼶ʼ˹̹ѾʼԼӴЩѧǰء
еĽЩĵĽչֲֻᣬֻظȥľ䡣ǣ
ΣԼȹĶ˹Τ˵鼮ģֻڿ
ʱ񲹸˹꾡ĿñʼɻءΪ̬ȵ˽̹
ѧڡǲҵʱ֣ԸΪ
ѧκǰ;ġ˹̹
άʱ۵ѧɿɷ˹Hermann Minkowskiѧʱ˹̹
ۣṩְҵƼ

֮ⷬʣ˹̹ûлɥΪԳΪƵ
Ӣµʩ߱ԾӣҪһŷѧս
õרֵȶ֮ÿСʱÿϰࡣÿ컹һ
Сʱҽ̣ǮáʱƥǿѧԺͬź
գ㶼ϡ

漣ȥһ֮Ȼרְҵİ˹̹ƥǿ
ѧԺдţعһƪġȻ˷ܡԺ
ǿеĵһƪЧӦġȷʵСǳԡvery 
revolutionaryʱȻϵʮƪĻΪ
ŵǸʱֱ죬Ϊ֪ǵƪ
ģֱ𿪴ۡʾĵȼۺתϵͬţѧ
˹Τѧ۳Ϊ˹̹ɾ͵Ĵʡ

Ȼ˹̹ʱ϶ĹЧӦı۸߸ԣԼҲ
ûȫԶ塣ƪУʯ쾪Ⲣ˹Τ
ĵŲ΢Сġӣlight quantum
ɡΨˣʿ˵ۣܼ򵥡ؽRɵ·ֵ
Щ˹Τ۲Ȼʲôʲôɣ
Ҳûʵĸ

Ȼĺܿ⵽롰ӣquantumʿ˵ǿ
ҷԡ֮ʮУһѧҵڵʣͬ
Niels Bohrչ磬һѧҵѡȻ
ʱİ˹̹λѲרʱͬնȻ
Լһ˹¶ִսһһȶȷơ

һ̣ѧʱ

26İ˹̹޷Ԥ֪һСʹ֪ǰ·Ҳԥ
塣ΪӢµʩ߱η塣


ʿ˵ľ֮ 


вɻȱءʥеϵڿٵغȱ
˹⣺ϵ˵Ҫй⣬Ǿ˹⡣ֻˡĹʲô
ϵûн͡ӹϣʼܽ⿴ͷ׵
ֲ²⣬Īһǡ

17͵ţԷ΢֡䶯ѧǸʱеע
۵ѧңʱѧңԼҲһЩʵ飬Ҫ
оԡͨϵͳ⾵ʵ֤ɫǹⱾʡţٵ
⾵ʵ飬ġͱĹ£֮ģչɫʶơ
ʵ΢Сۿӣcopuscleɡ

ջýдʱκ˰ĹԶɻ
ֱߡǴԽͬýĽʱţټЩӻܵһδ֪
ãƫƣ䣨refractionͬɫĹ΢
вͬϹСĶѧвͬ
ļٶȣƫƳ̶Ȳͬܽ⾵ְ׹иɫ
ɫɢdispersion

ʱѾ۲⵽⻹ᷢ䣨diffractionھ
ʱȫϰ߽ȷֱнǻ΢һֹ
ơϰӰţͬϰ߽Թӵ
¡

䣬ţٶʮǣǿǡǡǲ
ڴݽᱻе赲ΪͨƵ
档ţͬʱĻˣRobert Hookeݸ˹Christiaan Huygens
Ҳһֲţٵ΢

΢˵˵Ϊ1718͵һѧִȻݸ˹Ĳ
ڽ͹䡢ΪиΪȻţٵ֤΢˵һ
ֱռϷ硣

ֱ18031124գţȥ160һ졣׶صӢѧӭ
һµšThomas Youngʱո30ꡣ14ʱͰʥ
13ֲͬԡ20ʱԼţۣ۾۽ܣ
ѧţѧ¹ڸ͢ѧáʿ
ѧλоβ֮࣬Ȥֻתѧ緭
֣hieroglyphӡŷϵIndo-European languages
֮һˣΪһһеˣThe Last Man who 
Knew EverythingӮƺŵʷ֮һ

ѧᣬչʾһ򵥡ԡֻҪ̫
ʵ顣дʹһƬڡţڴһС
Žһϸ⡣ȻһԼ׵СֽƬۿ
ֽƬӰӡǸֽƬӦȫס׵Ĺ⣬ӦĺӰֻ
ǺӰԵһЩģ

չʾĽ෴ֽƬӰӵУӦڵĵطȴġ
Ӱм䵽Եһɫơ˵ЩΪ̫ɫ
ɢڹǰ÷⾵ֻõɫĹʵ飬ôӰӴ
ľͻơ

ѧҷǳϤ۲챻紵ĳˮܿˮĵ
ˮһʯͷͻʯͷ濴ԭˮһϸ鲨ơ
ˮֱʯͷƹʯͷʱţˮ
ЩطǿЩطЧ棨interference
֮һ

չʾģǹֽƬߡơҲǺ淢˸
ţٵ΢˵ôǿ͹䣬ԸȴȫΪ
ⳡݽ־΢˵˳ʷ̨ݸ˹Ĳ˵ձܣ
΢ɣһֲ



ͺ1864128գվѧͬһ̨ϵո
˹Τʱȥ

˹Τڻϲķ飬ʱĵ硢໥
ͳһ֮ǰڣMichael FaradayѾͨʵ鷢ֱ仯
ĵ糡ų仯ĴųҲܲ糡˹Τķ
ศɣγĵŲ˹ΤŲٶʱ
ϲطֱǵʱ֪Ĺ١ǣʵһֵŲ

һشѧ硣ֵ³ʿѧԺ1879깫ͣ
ؽ188231ǰ֤ʵ˹ΤĵŲˡûӮ
ʱһ׼ηѶ˵ĺȳ1887һ׳١ͬʱ
˹ЧӦ

ʵֵıǽճϤߵ粨Ⲩһ
ҲǵŲһ֡ΪŲƵʱԡȡΪλ
ֵ粨ʲôʵ;ʱ޿κεشûκôֻ
һʵ飬֤˹Τȷ

ȻһɾͶܲӰصȱǰհԿ
ѧʽ۵ԣĲ
ѾʣThe wave theory of light is from the point of view 
of human beings a certainty. 

ʵ19ĩֹѧҵĹԡձΪѧѾﵽ
ƾ磬ʣµֻǽԽԽȷľ1900427գ
¶ƵĿѫWilliam Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvinѧ
Ϸһƪ㷺ݽָѧУֻ
̫͡䡱δ⡣

ǡǡԴ˹Τĵѧۡ

ˮˮӵļ񵴡ǿӵļ񵴡һ
˶ҪĳֳýЭͬ𵴷ʽγɡ
ǲȻҲҪһý顣ǵţٷԲ˵һɣ
̫򣬺һûоý
ʡңеĻҲӦ̫ϵ˶зӳţٵ
ѧ˶еľȷɹ˵ûʴڡ

ݸ˹ֻüһֿŵ̫aetherˮһ
ͨ񵴴Ⲩ֮ⲻκã˲ӰţѧӦ
áȻѰ̫Ŭʧˡ1887꣬ѧ˶ѷ
Albert MichelsonĪףEdward Morley˾ȷĸʵ飬û
ֵ̫֮˶ų̫ڵĿܡ

һɰ˹̹1905Ǹ漣ĵƪ
ָ˹ΤеĵŲˮĲͬǿԼ
дҪκýʡɴ˴ٶͨ´
Բ

һƣͬ˹̹ԣҪ۸иԵĹͻ
ơ



䣨black-body radiation18Ҷ¹ѧһ
Gustav Kirchhoffֵһɡ

¯мʱԭڡ¶
𲽳ֽۻơͨɫʡḻĹֻҪɫжϳ
¶ȣ׳ơɫΪѧңһ
⣬䡣

˵ĺ뻯ĲϣܹȫκƵʵȷ䣬
ûκη䣨Խ塱ͬʱҲͨȷ
ƽ⣬ͬһ¶ȡݼ򵥵ѧɣƶϣ
ĺȷǿֻƵʡ¶йأ屾ǽľ̿
廹Һȵûйϵ

κθ¶£ÿƵϵķǿȶһ
ģԻһʵƵߡԼûߵ״
ǿһҪоϣѧΪŬ

ͬʱ˹Τ˵ۡǣȷҲ
ڵĵŷ䡣ƽʱΧķ⣬Ϊû
ȷ䣬µĺҪںⲨΣֻдĺҹ
ܹ۲쵽屻ȵ500ȸʱȷĸ߷ŻӺת
Ϊɼ⡣ʱֱӿ䷢⣬ɫҲ¶𽥴ݱ
ɺɫ

ȻĺһĴڣճ壬
¯еשҤһ̶Ͻӽں壬ҲͿԿɫ
ˣͨɫ֪̫ı¶5000ϡ



ڻ֮ʮ¹ѧҹȻΪص
ĿƳַƵס1893ִ꣬ѧάWilhelm Wien
ʵܽһ鹫ʽԺܺõϵʱݡ

ʱʿѾ40ͷˣڰִѧ˻Ľϯ
λΪάʽѧۻʹΪͳۡ
ùʽҲ˱Ϊʿ-άɡͻƣʿ
1899ĵ¹ѧϿºڣʵѧڶɵȼۡ
⣬ôѧϵҲͻ鷳ˡ

Ĵ󻰾Ȼûͦһꡣ1900107գֹҵѧʵ
³˹Heinrich RubensӦʿ˼͡λ֮
ʣѧҶ鷿³˹͸¶ںѾƽ
µġƵʵԶⲨΣõʿ-άԤ


ʿشһڼϸжЩݣܿ췢
ֻҪ޸һʿ-άɵѧʽͬʱȥµ
ϡǣȻеĶѧΨһۡβ
ܽ仯

еûʱ䡣

12󣬵¹ѧٿᡣ³˹ĺ³ɹ
ı档չʾ߹Ȼʿ-άɴྶ֮ͥʿ˲
վӦԡ̹һǰĴ󻰿˵ͷѧڶҲ
ȷصʿ-άɡµʵǰȻȷ

ţһתչʾһµĹɡ漴ϸ
Ƴ¹ʽȻʵݼ޷졣

ʿ˵¹ʽ֪ʵµơ϶ãΪѧ
ڡסΪҵһվסŵԵɣڽŵļ
ʾ֭ڣ1214յһλϣһѧ
ϵĸݡ˵ڼмաŲʱһ
ƵʳȵСֵͿԵóǸ¹ʽ

ǸСֵӡquantumڵֻǡ
˼

ΪµĹʽʵϵ̫ѧûо
˵Ƶ̡֮¹ʽʽΪġʿ˶ɡ
֮ǰġʿ-άɡĵλΪάɡ·û
ʿйκιϸ

ʿ˴һһ֮١֪
һ⣬Ҳ֪𰸡ұ벻ϧһдҳһ۽ֻͣ
ǲΥѧĵһڶɡ

û뵽ԶʿĲᣬһרСְԱȴܿ쿴
ۣпʵָԵͻ֮




ڱ༭
Уԣ
󡡸壺ӡƽ̫Ӧҡ硢ꡢ
֧֣塢٣졢
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