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20.12.13-14ûи
20.12.15, ˿202012º
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˿¶죺ʱڵİ顷¹ʱڵѡ顢鱣Ƥŷɼ
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ʱϷ𣿡졡һλµ
졡ʰɽ
˿¶졡ͯ
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죺ʱڵİ顷롡졡յľ
¹ʱڵѡ顡졡ˮ
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ơɼ졡ԾСԶ

Ǭ졡ʯ·ϵҵıӰ
졡׷ȡһ
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ҵԴ졡Ѳ
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ʫʫ졡
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Ѷסססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

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ġɳ

³ѸڡһдѴĵط˵һ
ͨʡȻǺû˵ʡҲǺûʡƺ
Ҳ񡰸֮ɲ಻̫һɲͨ಻̫ͨġȻ
ҵľ飬õʡĶߣȴΪͨʡԵʡ

ôڡͨʡĶ֣Ӧᣬ
ѧأѧܱ磻ѧ沨
ڳĬѧ˱ȫҡʵ˿˵һУ
Դ˶ԣ˵ĳ߶ȣĥԼġ̡
ʣʵһЭ
еһͨԾѺһֽ

Щ߱һѧɾᵽѺ
еķȺ塣йڽ̣ҽʹͳ֧ת
ɹʶԼȨȵȣ ڵġ⡱㣣
Ⱥе۵㣬ԼȦȦЩ۵㣬
ԾȺڣôĺ㽫òٴ˵⡢
ҪٱȺʵвֻЩǿ
ǿ¸ҡʵѵˣܽЩ۵㹫֮ڣΪȺڵĿѧ
͹ŬֻǰѿաҼɵԼһ
κֵ 

ڴ˿ǡǡһ֡ͨʡı֣ϴڵ
ȥˣ᲻Ƿǲֺͺڰ׵ߵҲǣܹܵù
ΪǾͷһҲߣҲܲˣ
֤ỹǷһûп͸ûӦΪ˻
ʲôô𣿴ҷ£߻б

ԣĪǷֱһζŴңǲڣ
֮ϵҲԳǷǵģˣ
İ취ʹᣬɾ͵վȥսˡ˵ġʡܿ
̸ǸʡգԼãǾ͸ˣ
ǲԶӡǡӣСˡԭڡһ
ʲô¼ͻõİ취Ӷţ̬ܲͲ̬
沨ȫǵñ̬ǾͱȻֻǸдд
ҪˣǾͱȻǾӵĴС˵Ĵ

ӣСˣ⼸ȺڶɫĹ̬ͬȣƵ
˵СӣĪСˡ֮ǾӼ㱻ˣҲ
ỳġŻԭ㣬㡰Ե±Թ
ǰӡȺڶԾӵڴ㲻̲áϳԿ
ĬĬسԿ࣬ѪȺھҪָխ²λ
ˣСأȺڶڴ͵ûУıӽթ
޳ЩϰΪĬݡСһٵƺͻ
ȺڵĵߣҲᱻȺ׵ԭ£ȺڻĵذСҵɣ
СˡԵ±Թǰӡֻܹķ֡þաҲ
ΪȺ֪С˻ؽϡرģһǿܻ
鷳ԸܺıܣǱȻѡȥӣǵСˡ
ӱӦһֱͽ͵ΪȻӵõĴȴ
ƽģⲻñռľ˻ΪȺСˣҲ
˱ƳαӣµߵĻ¡

ΪһȫĿ˷ӺʹԪת۵Ĺڣ
ǵȺζԴԪ̰۸ܡҥá˵˵ٰԭ¡
˵ûν֮顱й¶һܡ߼лʳƷշ
˿˰ݳˡӢۡԷӾԿƵ
ӦȺȫǽôΪ˴ġҸ桱޲΢ҳӵ
һĵĹʧҲҪɷڽ޳ܱ졢Ⱦֱ
ĵ뱰綼ǣֻΪ˽ʼռֿպͽҼٵķ
Ųɷ˵ض˫ʮ壬ν䡰ܡǿ
ӡС˵ı֡İݵǺʹյͳѡٱۣҲӡ֤
ĹɣȺڶԴյĴֱϡӹӶ赭д
Ϊֽкãν֮顱԰ݵż̲סļ䷴С֡
ʷŲɷ˵ض˫ʮ壬ν䡰ܡҲǿ
ӡС˵ı֡

ΪҪһ˼ѣȻĿա
ҼɵѣһֱȰʵвҪһô
ô˵ǲҪ̸һҪ˵ҲһֱȰ
ѵĽвȡֶΣҪǷͻеһһգ
ҲҪע۲ԼĿնֶԷ߼ˮƽʶ̬ȡ
֪ʶϴشȱݣǾҪѧ㵽ΪֹǼȥ
ֻǰ˫Ĺϵ㽩Ŀɳķתغҽ
ʱҲͨĿֱҲŽ
Щýȥպɵ˾һͨҪճ־á
ۺͱ粵ЩͼıķתغҽΪ
ġ䷳ľ֤Ϳնκεĸı䡣 ȻȻڲ
ı䣬ȴȻЩܹվʮһյؼաҼٺ
ɵˣҲȻΪֻΪ̵ᵽǵļ벻ס

ڡһˡ΢Цдʣ
ȴ׳ڣȻףӣʡߵʹ
ǲиۼʵʹǲ׺ʱ
紦Ůʱãȴܲʵӣ޶̸
ô˵̸ʺˣȻҲ֤ʵ
ͨʡһ˵ܣܵ˵ߣǡ
õʲôУȴΪҵԼ
·ŸΪҪ

ôǾӦѡһ·أؼԼļֵ
ȡΪʵҪǾŬȥʵࣻ
ΪҪǾѵúͿ̬Ϊ
ԴҪǾԼû׺͹⡣ѡʲôֵ
ʲô·ܺ˵˵ıܣҲƫƫôһЩ
˿ԳԽԼıܣϮʧƣѡ
ΪķչͽԼĹףǾЩͷɵˣƴӲ
ˣΪˣ󷨵ˣйļ

                                          2020.10.3


֮ʿշ¼йʹ

ʯСʰ


11³壬ҵĹ˵ǸæµӡΪҪйʹ
ݰڣƽæµӾͱر˰٣
6ȴȥȲ˹EmailȻͬ·ʼ
ҪϴһСʱ깤飬ųͣȻͳ˵ǰ
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߳վڽ·ѾװHitachiۣ
һĺдţLove The Christmas Christmas On A 
StreetװɫΪ£ȴҲ˸ܵˣ
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ŽֵTanglin·ϵйʹݣ·Ҫ20ҡ
¹ڰѾΪ㣬żһѣ̫
ȻԾشſ֣ܴСһϰ߳ȻģôĽ
·ȻǸѿϵࡣ

ߵTanglin·ԶԶйʹ¸һɫĳͤ
ҪʮӲŵԤԼд11㣬ſѾˣеڻҪ
־ĲĳϵȣеڿߵĲֻϿ
С˵11㣬˴Լ10ңûпҶеƣ࿴
ּȡ˽̸ʹݲʱҲּ
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һŰɫµʮŮӴսҪ˵ΪҪȰ
Ͽ֣ΪĺߡǣʶشϿ֣û뵽
ңCan you speak Chinese? ˵԰ǾǷҪԤԼ
˵ǰ˵ûԤԼǰֱӹģԽҲֱӹˡ
˵һºܷ㰡ȻͱԹԼ֪ʲô֪ˡ
˵ûϵһ¾ͺƺ֪ôѣҾͰѹؼ
GoogleѸ͸ȻͻȻңҿɲһĵ绰
ʲôҺֱӵ˵ʵڲ˼̫㡣㰴˵
ѵġܺ˳˵á룬ʱȴңǲ
Ϊûд֣Ƚ׽ӽ

һɫȹŮ˵ҲûԤԼΪԼ
ǵ궼ûпյ˵Ļ¸¾͵ˣ8³ֱӵ
ʹʹԱȴΪûԤԼ죬ָأ
֮ҲزȥȥҲֱڹڰ졣ŵҪؼ
ڣʱȥڻգãԽ˼ٹ

ôʮУֻҺһԷԤԼġѾ˽С
ʱˣʹݻûһ㶯Ҷе㲻ԣſװһаť
ǰ˰춼ûлӦſġܰʾ˵绰빩˹ѯ
ǶԷ򸾴˺þҲû˽ӡ

ҸǺ˶һҲͨԤԼѡͨʼİ
ǣʼظżдţΪں⻤ԤԼվд
شӡֱǰԤԼʹݰҵ񣡡˵ұֱ
ľͺˣյʼֻ˼ٹΪʱͿԤԼ
յ٣Ľ첻֪ҪƵʲôʱ˵Ҳġ

ԣȻܰʾдţչͳһĿǰʹ·
δָ칫 һʼΪ⡰ָ칫ָ
ǲԡwalk inԤԼ԰ڿѾ˰Сʱ
˿ŵĿԲˡǼ˹ѯĵ绰ò˽ˣ
ҸԤԼſڵȣ˵ѡʼİɡ˵ǣ
ǵĻ˵Ҫʹ˵Ǹϵͳͳһ,㻹
Ҫͨʼĵġûж⿪ŵġʣʹʲôʱ򿪷أ¼
µѾ˵֪ǹͳһġ

µ绰˵ҶȻ, е㲻ģǷ±
ģֶһᡣͻȻ©һ죬һһŮʹ
ݹԱ߳ԼҪȥ͡˸ϿȥʣŮĲ̫ǿ
˹ȥе̬Ȼ˵ŷϻ˵Ҷ֪Ǵ
绰ʣͨٴ򡣡ȻҲΪԶûԤԼ
󶼱ȽϵȻ׼ˣе˵ѹֺܶ뻻գʲô칫
̬ȣ岻Ӧ绰ӡǶԤԼķų⳵ԼҪȥ
飬߹ʱǺ޺޵ظ˵йʹ̫ˡ뿪ʱ
һλСӣҲ˵ԤԼġҸ˵˵
ôдأ˷ʱ䡣

ҵʱҲһ˷ˡǰʹݺ󷢵Ȧ
פ¼µйʹݣоص˹ڣЩ˵磬
ͷĮ΢Ц̬ȣһޡôǣҲڵġ
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ͬǵйʹݣ˼ٺûаѸð°ˡ

дġһޡšͳһ𡱵ǿ¼
һе㱯ˡ

д20201113գ


ѡʱϷ

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һȵѡĻÿʱһЩϲ˾Ͱ
Цѡ١һĳЦǣνѡٲʱϷˡǡ
ãĴѡ͵ͳѡپѶȱûǮԭʮ
ս档վѽţһЩ˴ۣյķ˿
پѡǣѡʱϷ˵ˡ

ѡʱϷ˼ֻǮ˲ѡ٣Ǯ
棬øͶƱ֧Լ֮⣬ѡپһš
µĽǮϷУ޹ϰա

ѡٵȨѡȨͱѡȨѡȨģֻҪӦ
18꣬ͶʹѡȨһżϾѡһ
ѡϣҪе޴εģҪӦȥѡʹѡȨ
ȻҪƴ򻹾ѡɶأＯѵ֮һ

վѡѲ㣬ǡ÷ӳִ룬û
ᾫӢʹԸ֧֧߰˴Ȼϴ֮
ΪѡЩ˶ͨˣóǮأ

ˣѲ⣬ӳǾѡ˵㣬֧̫٣
ѡٱ⡣

ѾѡҪＯѣΪѡǽǮϷȻǴġڴ󲿷
˵ҪʹѡȨʹѡȨʹȨ
ƶȵľ֡һЩרơ޷ѡ٣Ȼ
ҪҲָ޷ʹѡȨǱѡȨѡȨ޷ϣ
ѡȨأ

ữģȺ֯γɹңҵĹγƶȡ
ˣÿһ˵벻ƶȡƶڵᣬҪ
ͣһƶȣһרƵƶȡƶȵȻǺ
ģרƶǲõġרƶȹԼΪң֤

ƶȵҪԸչάɺƽ
ȣ漰ͬͶƱרƵƶȣٲ
¢ϹȨûвȨ֮ҲͲƽȵġȻ
Щƴһ㣬ƽȵģǵġ

ƶȻרƶȣ쵼ˣһСˣ
󲿷Ҫȥ쵼ҵⲿŹ
ԴˣලЩʹȨԵΪҪƶȺרƶҪ
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ҪͶƱѡȨɴȥͼල쵼ˡ
ܱѡȨַȨͿԻΪרƹҡѡ˵
ѡΪٲֲĽǮϷѡȨ뱻ѡȨ
Ϊרƶվ̨

ҪȥЦѡʱϷˣȱԼѡȨɡ


˿¶ססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

ʱڵİ顷¹ʱڵѡ

졤


ڰ칫ֻԼһˣ򴰻εིЪ
칫ﰲ׼¸ڶҪ飬Ƕնġʱڵ
顷һЩ뷨һֱҵԺ޷ר׼飬ǻת
뷨㵹ɡ

ѡڱɶⱾ飬Ϊ˵С˵дһοԽ50İ飬
ر漰˵İ顣һֱŰǲֹ硢塢ģ
˵İٱдҺܺ棬ˣ
ǵİģ

ĸоҶȫһʵΪص㲻˵
飬ǿúͻĵҾⱾİʮõģȻ
ϸڵдȴʮʵ͸ĺܴĳ޷
ĸоÿ˵ĸо֮ܶͬǰе˾дİΰ
ҿȴİʮƮ졢˽ֺʵìܣ
ĸоҲìܡʱʱֻ˸


ɣ˹ʮָ߳Լɺܶǳ
ʡӡ̵һΣ

She was embarrassed when she greeted him, and he was more 
embarrassed by her embarrassment. The knowledge that they were 
behaving as if they were sweethearts was even more embarrassing, 
and the knowledge that they were both embarrassed embarrassed 
them so much that Captain Samaritano noticed it with a tremor 
of compassion.

һembarrass Ĳͬ÷һԾ˼ʱ
㺱쾡£֮ϲȴΪԼҪΣ
ΣһһΣ֪ξ͸Ρк
֪֮ô໥޴ӣκͶһ

˹Florentino Ariza Ů˹Fermina Dazaһ飬һ
ӰİõģFerminaһʱ
ͻȻʶȻܾ˵죬ҿ㣬֪֮
˻ʲôûС

Ȼõİ飬 ΪһpassionȴǼΪǿġΪ
ԼˣFlorentino Arizaȡ˳ɹ
Ϊļ̳˽ӹ˹˾ΪӦΪòľϵĿ飬
شŮϵõ㣬Ȼ25Ӽ¼622ϵ
Ůԡͬʱܳɹ˵ԼûбFermina󻹿
ĲغFermina˵Ϊ˴֮ӴŮУ
ӡ̡һǸŮOlimpia ZuletaFlorentino 
д֣ϹָǸδŮAmrica 
Vicu?a øֶƭȡβΪԻΪFermina
ܲˡǵ̱ڴʱAmrica Vicu?a ź
ȴΪɱˡȻΣΪFermina԰ǴĨ
ȥȽϴŮLeona Cassianiڹ˾û
ԹϵǱȫԼ

ҿFlorentinoֱǸ񲡻ߣ԰һмڻ뵱
УʧȥԣŪŮ˶ĹߣԶǲܲ
ˣֻǳΪСϵļ¼ҪʱһáȻڶʱ
ֱܲĸܣҿ飬ٻͷ˵Ϊʱ
κһŮһӣͶȥجεĿʼ

һ棬ŮFermina DazaǸFlorentinoȫͬˣǸ
ǳǿˣúʵҲ˶¿ñȽ͸һʼʶ
Florentinaһ񣬲һӰӡ˵
һ˶һӰӡ֪ܵFlorentinoһ𲻻ҸԹ
ѡDr. Juvenal Urbino˽˵ϹUrbinoһŷ
ΣUrbinoҲǺܾİ˴򽻵˵
ʱҪԣʱԷ뾡취˽뷨й
ɷİҲף֪ģΪ
ԼΪṩһС

ʵ˽ġСڳһӣ߲Сֱż
ˣˤˣҪߵˣ˵Ĵ

ҲǸеˣڶһġ˵罻
ؼҪѧӦԿ־壬ڻĹؼѧӦԳơ͸
αʦǷϹش𣬲Ӵ˲ټʦ
ŮսFlorentinoĽͺŮϾ˹ϵ
ļš

һ˱ϺFlorentino ArizaǸġҲ޷
ʵαֻúFlorentino һ翵Ĵ˶ԣ
ҵĸǣʱڵİ飬ͻһá̬ģ
̸ΰΰİ֮֮ܳΪΰ󡱣Ӧе֮
ʵУӦͨԸӵӦбܵĿԵ
ǣ˽֮ͽʧȥǵһԸ

뵽ڣ¹ӿʱ෢ŵ飬Ҳ
Ҹоãֱ̬ӿЩݵȻ
ͳաĵ˵Ÿֻѻſڿӣ˵˵˵ڿ
ıƻ2016ѡ˵ܷڶʲôԣ˵糵
°֢ȵȡڸȾ¹ڻûк֮ǰڳҽԺȥ֧߻֣
ȫͬ˻Ⱦ˵̵ֻīѵ
طͥڽܡ60ӡɷʱԹ̫Ѷݵǵף
߳ŭˣú˵ը쫷磻ȻЦݵſѧðݵ
Ϊѡ

ǰ촨վȻԼطһԱƵϷƵʾ˫ֻ
衢ֻ߾١ñӿӵһ˳Ϸһֱڿ
ǧҳšFortunate Sunļ֣˻ţ±
Ƶһһͷ׷ݳųĽӯ
¿ߣߵһɫƺƽϣڵϻԲȦϵǷ׷վ
⡣ֻͻȻĶԱƵһΪ
ʷǳͬĻϱߵǾǵƣ±ߵǸѧ
һ˽⣬Ƿ¹Űʱڵͳѡƣӵ
һ˻ǻɢ־ǿѧıʩ
˽ϱߵǶôط˽±ߵǿԺΪ
룻ȻշƵʱԼĴԵãǣ
ǰݵн80ˣ¥ʱýӯ
䣬Уݽ»ʱĳٻе㲻⣬
ԻôշĶԱƵأҷۣ˭Ķ
ȿٺû

°һѪָѵͳһ㣬עֻ
ںۻȺ˵ĳһ˵¹ڣ¹ڣ¹ڣ
¹ռ˴ý档Ӱ°Ľͱ飬Կ￴
աͳʱպܿŵ˵̲Żͥʱ
ҡͷ۾ҲֳһֶԴ˸µĲм

ǣһƷµ¡߼ҡ˼άһȫû֮
˾ȻһһͳһȨpassionĲˣ
ͬѰ鵱passionFlorentino ArizaһҲӵ˼
һʵ֧ߡȻ40% ҵĻ֧ʣЩ˲˵ʲô
ʲôɱ˷Ż֧ҲòЩ˺һЩ
ȱݣûԼȱݣʼڻСոһǿ
ӰǰɸҵĳˣǾԼҲмֵġ

Ȼʵǲпġ°˵ģýܴմĶ
Ѿг225ǧ¹ڣ10Сҵͣҵյ¸
򹫿˵ûа취顣£񻹻ѡ
յͳ

ȡжҪʵúϵƯ


ĿǰΪֹϰݵǴȵġٹѡˡݵ
д4 days to prevent another 4 years!

ϣݵܹӮôѡսʤаʵ
ѹܣںƽϣ

ʼд2020.9.122020.10.30 עѡز
ؼĶ


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鱡


ϲĻ𳵣Լ

һϻ𳵣˵ͱխˣխ˴޷ǣһȺ໥
ԡڡǰİ˲˽̸ĻͽʶĿܣڸԾ
յĵʱװű˴˵Ρ

ǰƤŷװιҵΣԸҲͬװΡ

ǽһ֮Ե֮ǰǲʶ֮Ҳδϵʮ
һԺģֻʣһֱҷǰָ壬
µӡ

һ֮ԵڹԪ2009һлϡлԱϣ䵽
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죬ҪӰ˻𳵷ɱ峿İôһ·
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䣬ѸҵԼλ׼϶ī
Χֻ볹׹رԼţҵҪˡ

ҡܲңÿ͡ͷϷؿһۣ
ԷһλˡƤŷֻȥһ£
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ҼߣǾʹӴ˲нֻıһС

ʱֻȻĨȥҵ˯⡣һǷȥֻһ߷
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ȻҸȤĲͨݣֻһ
ֶӵĿ壬Ф֣Ҳ֪Ʒ

Ҿ˯ȥͨһұ̧ͷѯ
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ͻķʣЩȣ漴شңҲ˷
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Фأ˵Ҳ´ˣЩ˼ʱҼ˹
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ҡҡͷҾǸѧֻǰֶѡ

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ҲԡһԹŵԲ˵˹Ǳ
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ԭҰϷɳۣȺԹƺϸ꣬ǰĲЩأ
ֱ벪޵ڵӭΥ졣ȻɬȴҲܴһ
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Ƥŷ˵ķǸѧá䣬ü仺͵ķ˰
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ԸȫŬѧϰӢʱǰλɽķ塱ȴͷ
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ʱҸոնʿһ꼶ҵרҵ̬ѧԼоĿ
ȤֻǣĻȴһ˵ǡϵصĽ֣
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ӦЦҵСɣʱ롣뵽Ҳ
ЦҵĽС΢ǰʮ궼һȻͬĻжȹ
СѧѧҵͬɫǰĬϰ
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ˣʹʱɱŵķꡣ

Щְѻƻ֡ң˹Ǳʱ
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˵̫ˣҲĪصԡ

ıȻҸĴ⣬ҵҲȸԾ
¶гǶôȰĪأ
һ֣һڰ֡ң߻ԵҸղ
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ҿסˡ֮ǰʶƺܰѡawesomeamazing
֮ʹߣһ䡰̫ˡһ䡰üˡö֪֮
Щǿͷʽ̾ʣܵġ

Ȼ˸̽뷨

ҪԶԷ첻ϤĪص֣кܶŵġ磬ÿᵽһ
ƷʱҿԹⲻ˵Ʒıȫƣֻ˵ЩԡK.ֿͷĿЪ
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ǣҹоһЩϲĪƷֻ˵ǵĿЪţ
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ţͶˣǶˡšָоʵҵп
˻䡣ֻ뵽˼ҿܱ֪û࣬һˣС
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һ·ϣ˺ܶĪأʹľɫ
ѡ˿λȴ񶼸ҡϸ󶼱ǣ
һ仰һǵãʱ˵ͯһĪأȴһҲǳ

صͷ˵ʹЩòǳСҹҲ
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˵޷ͬҸࡣ

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Ǹ⣬ϼ۵Ļ𳵡

Ƥŷٴοڶ˵ʱѾˡ

֪룬ҲΪΣǳ԰οҡ

˵ûޣֻᣬǧ򲻱ؽ⣬ġһа취
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һһѾõͷʼǿҵһʹгһգ
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ﵹǴĪص֣˼ҺܿԶҸ˽Īأղ
ҲܿԶҶࡣò⣬һЩ⡣

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У³Բ࣬˵

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Σʡ

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˵³ɵ׽ȫڱѧʱӡͼ
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ȴһֱءҺõѧǰϦҰCDеȫ˵
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ȱҲеġڲ³ɵĽȫûйָӼҵİ汾
ѡ˵2009ĵʱʹ2020Ľգû˵
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ƤŷƶӲ̵ݸңҵĵԣƿһܸ٣
һֱʽСֻû뵽Ŀ̾˼Ϊ
֮Ĺֵ÷Ʒζһۡ

ڲϵĽƪӴڿļտʼʱʣʱ
䲻ššһšڶššԼʮӹȥˣ
ѾʼٽվļȴڿС

Ҹе鲻ʱһƬĽϵ˹վǰ
صţſ˴ڣɣĹ߶ʱ
䶯ţһᣬȫʱδļֻʣǲ70ӵ
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˵ȭͷ״Χ˿͵Ц

ҷӦո÷˵ģҸЦһض
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վڳŵĺ棬һ߶ųţһ߶ŵԡʱܣ
Ѿˣޱȵļ尾γĿҪرˣԶԶ
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ķ񺣡ư׵񷫣ŻιҲ쵽յˡ 
չ֮ǡɱǰ棬ǲõһ졣

վʱҴƤŷ³Ǹ˳ϲָоҺЩ
ֵǵǣ·ͬһطܲͬһʱ⡣һ
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ʮڻԷֱһĻһŨÿÿ
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Ϊݡȱûź

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ޱ뿪ϷһƫƧСǣɵС֮ǡɼӭ
ȴĺɫãƮƮ

վڻ·ߣƵΣһСʱˣӰӶû
Сڡձмµݹ棬Ҳֱ˵绰ֻ
ⷿ飬ڵ绰˵ҵȥ㣬Ժˡ
źͳڴɢ

ޱµ绰ҿˡ

£еϵȺϡɢˣȴԽԽ·ƵĹ⣬ڷУ
иɵԻõӰۻҡ

ԼʮӺһС͵ؼxͣǰ

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ûӦһðһ볤һ̷Ⱦ
ɫ͹Щ̷˿ֱֱС⬡һϮ£
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ͷһ裬ֽȴʱ֡ޱ˼⣺Ҳ
ʲôˣţҾͿߣϲҵ취ܾ

ǡãͷߵǰڳһмһ˵ļʽͱ飬´
ޱƤЦ˵ۣһΪӵһʮߡ˵üأ
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ޱһתϴˡ

ɡСֹ㶵һ壬˿̵

ޱܹת˼ȦȻ̧ͷֱޱû
绰㡣 

ͷܺѲޱţɴǰŲλã


¿ɰѡͷǻˣڣҡ³һȣ嵽ޱ
ߣ˦һ䣺Ǻĵ¿ηΣСϻ
ˣ һգۣСûӰˡ

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ɼܷӣҲ࣬ȳ˵ϻա˸ǰ
ˣϻƵĳ˹

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ô졣

С㣬һǴģҪùҰ͵һ
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Ȼסޱŷ飬Ͻݸոͨ绰Ĺ档˾
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лл

СһŲĻǽĴ¥ǰͣ£˾˵С㣬
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ޱǳֽеġ½á֣رϣԼ
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ĹпĹۣҵķӻܺãһҲ
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ϴޱһɽŷʽĺլһԸѩ׵֧
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֪ڳһڰǹиͣߣ
ŵʧСϸϽйȥƵĺ˵˺һӻ
ŹԹԵػصѵ

ְ쵽ߵһ䣬࣬Ҿߵȫ
ǿͷޱ룬Ǯ˼治һͷõôá
ʱ֮أѺ֪ˣһɡ

ޱס󣬲ŷλʢ˵ϣʵ۶ͦáÿú
ȥϰ࣬ʱܳʲôһݡ

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߹ȥϢĽţȻ;Աߣ
ޱһжظëлл㣬
ԭҲ˵ķհڹͷ۾ͣҡ
β͡ޱˣ˲˵ǳ飬ͬġ
ˣޱˣس˺ѡϿһУҲԽԽϲޱ
Ѻˡ

ޱϲĵؿߵһСÿһ;ĵĴ磬Լ
Եô󷽵壬һСܳȥ˾ϰࡣޱþõ
ܳһֱʧߡĶ࣬ĩˣǳ̾һ

Ϻ쵽üչֲ֪롣ϣߵޱķţ


סϰ߰ɣյɼ̫ҲҪӦ

ͦõġлл ޱͷ

ˣڣĽ𣿡

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£˼Ҷ˯ˣһڵ³ﻮһһ죬
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ϵ⣬ҵľӣÿһɹߵı󣬶


ԺʱʱţԼɼһ

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˶ӿѧְӰ룬񻰰ĵ˹
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գҵһУÿֳС

Աڵܣͣһ۳ǰƣ
ɣǽеɫҪ³ҲҪˡʮֳõ
ͣ˶ϲߵʡǮʡͣʺƯŮˡ
С㣬ҲԵֵġ죬Ҿ͸ŻݵһڼۣǧŰپʮ
Ԫ㻹ˢͷֻ轻𣬻ʧѽ

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ˡһˢɽ

ţһֻصסձ绰һ
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ޱŴ°ˣޱ¶΢Ц ร
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ĸٹ·תֻͷ˵ҵѴڴǼ
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ȥģ֩Ƶĸٹ·ҹĵƹ⣬
һ⣬һƬֲĵƺ

ޱصĻصڣȥһĪչŹ
ȥһ·ѹأÿΣǶԼ˵ԸûҲԸ
壻Ըԩ·Ҳͣ·ڡţ⻰
Լ˼Žˡ


3


һֱڼҾ

üȥһͨ绰ҲûУֻʮĹ棬ûе绰Ǯʹ
ˮƯˡ

һ죬ֻˣϽƿֻĸǣ¶Էˡ

ֻߡ

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

ҼұȽԶรշѺܹǾ͡ 

ŶʮһСʱ𣿡

ǺðɣҺæҼҵĵַ, СѲѧ
ʮ㵽ҪȥĿΡ

ͨУޱ˿ÿһĸµ绰Ŷŵ
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룺٣üֺܳһʱ䣬£ʤε
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ڶߡȻִĽͨ·Լȴ޵Ŀ־塣

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ѶԷסַöسһ飬ֶŵͼϸдϸٹ·
ָʾ·꣬һ׼ϨϢ

ڶ˸磬һսսʿȥΪԼ̡

ƵģҪˡޱĴǡת˲ΪԼ
أھ±Ҳԥղţ۲ͳù
ģˣˣˣһ·ȫᷳĿ⣬˵ж
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˿̣˸ٹ·ڣxʱ䣬񾭱ң
Ĺ۾ؾҪϡǰߡˣͻȻһѡѡѡ
ĳȫڡѡ̫ԭסԼ̬ȫˡ
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죬ŵصỵ̂ҲȲסˣƺҪƮ
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ʮ{󣬿罥Զȥٸˣų˳е
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о亹͸ˡٿʱ䣬ʮӡһΡ
١ܳٵǼҳɻġ

SεɽȥһŷӲԶѳͣ£
ۡġ䡱˼ҡ


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һɫĺլǰһźţû

е㵨ӵ̤ϴʯ̨ף߽ȹͭɫ񻨴ţƺйӭ
һͷĻ

Сĵذ壬һöһλʱֵ̫̫˵ŷ죺
˭ѽ

Ǹʦ

มԼ˸ʦʮҡŲĿ˿ڿ
һǵİʵľүӣ955̫̫֡ʼźͨ
ǴӴ½ģӵ͸ʡ

򿪴ţҵļҲ̫Ұɣ

áޱش룬֪ҸմӡŹءӳ
δء

ޱŮ˴ĴԱߵһƫˡ

̫̫Ҽӣɲỵ́ѻ˺üʦˡ
𣿡дɻ

ޱֱֹɼ˻һһ

ޱ룬˵һϲĺӡϺѧԺ
ϵҵרٶ١ɣȸһڿΣշá㿴
Σ

̫̫ˣȥһ룺˼Ӷ˶
㣬԰Ѳطŵޱǰò衣

ллˡץʱϿΰɡʵȣС뱭
裬Ƕˮͷȸ

ޱʼϿΡҳһ

кҲꡣһվţʦã
֮ǾͽͷӶСֹʦмһˡ

Ǻáǵһμ棬лʶʦ
ÿһ֧ӡ

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󡷡

յ̫̫꣬ͺҹơһΧʦֱV
ָҮϲʦ

ллôֵǱˡ

໥˿¶ɬϴͷ׼򻯰桶
϶һֻϻСĿ˿磬ֻһֻ
˼衣˱ݡ

ޱÿһӵıݣ֪Ҫ

ޱ§ӣлл, ǶúܺãԼص㣬ֻҪú
ͣʦø̱ϹϾллһʦ
ʦúѧ١

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Ҫϲʦ̺ܽá

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ͻĹΡرǶСĺӣеĳ
ɸСϷֵúֱкá

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ԺҸѧһСʱʮ𣬺ȫˡ

ллһᾡѺǽ̺á

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·ܵ־ţΪ˹ɹͷ

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к˻ˣؼսʤԼսʤΧ

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ƺӡĳǰʱôֻźͽˣ
ͳĺ¡սڼԼɼ͵
ڸٹ·ϣֻǰûкˡ


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		ͨ׷ǳ˵˵ӢҵԴ

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Ǹײ֮ǰӡڰˡûּأֻͨȥ˽
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ͨѶǺģ۹ͳεӢȫĴ䡣
ֻռԽ׶ΪĵһֵʵʽͳΣ
ɴССĲšҶ׶صľȨ 

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һĶ赲ոĵɧţǣAntonine Wall)ȥ
ոοȥɨ˵Сʯӡ

ͳӢԼİꡣʱڵӢӢϸ񽲣
ܽСӢΪʱûСӢӦýС
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ġˡ󣬴Ҿ˶δԭסĳƺ
(Celts) 

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ʹԽԽ˽ʽ 

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Ρ 

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١⡢ıơʱİ˻˹֡ʱû˹
̡ 

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ҪʱնΪĵ¹¶ 

̴ͣӢס˾Ͷ˻ˡ 

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Ӣľӳأ׶ʵ۸Ӣصǣ޹˲
ӴԺҪԼԼ 

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ܸоǺǡΪʱûСΧΪ
ıչ 

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(Wales) 

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ܿնıĻͽ 

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նġļ꣬ӢȷѪ꣬Ҷᡣն
ǿƣͳνӢӢӢǡ³̡˼
ϱʿոʿոĻϰͬĴС
ɡƽʱ֮ҶᣬʱŽһ¶⡣ 

ӢҲ⵽ŷ޴½֡ռӢĵ
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ֿնʽֵӢۡ˵ǲǴڹֻһ˵
ѣʱӢۻôԺ¶¼ô
ϸ 

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ӻΡ˹Ԫһǧ꣬ͳӢȻ͸
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һ˽ӣоŷ޴½չޣ
ָһ㣺ӢλӦôԼýڵ֧֣֯һЩ
֮ͽɺӢһٳɹŵHouse of Normandy 

ǽӢҵġ̫桱Ӣ˳
William the Conquerorŷ޴½Ӣ׵Ļ
ϰԶ˾޴ı仯ӰԶΡĳ˵ǻ
̽Ӣ׵ĵ; 

ǴҲҪйĵģʽӢŷޣĵ
йĳӢĳ治һͳӢһǧ꣬Ӣ
Ҳ˼ƽ췴ŷǲܵģ붼루һֱ
Ӣĸ涼ǹԺݺѪͳ
֮ᡣ˭õλͬΪʼ棬ԼӢ
ǽġdynastyǡhouseǡhouse
÷ûи׼ȷķ롣ɡ塱ǡŵ壬
ɯȵȡɡװй˸Ϳ 

ӢġģŹš
̳ͨлսλͽһгһû
ӼλżҵŮͻλŮ޸һ
ҪΪҵĸһҵĹ˾ͻ
Ҷ㼴ûжҲûŮλܾͻᴫ
Ķӡ޸˷һӡļ̳˾
Ӣʼ˶߲Ӣʱ֣ᷢüǰѾ
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˶ģҲԱơάŮ޸˵¹(Gotha)
ҵӣȴѡԼҵĺ(Hancock)ά
󣬶Ӱ»λͰָĳԼ¹ĸ

άǵӰ»ϵһսΪ˱ʾ
Ե¹ĲͰӡ̫¹ĸĳˡӢ
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ҵոĳϣǷżɯ

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ǺǣڹȥŷޣƽǵҵĲƲǵļȮѡȢ˭
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Ӱ¸ҵġBrave Heartǽո˻ʿ췴Ӣ
ͳεĹ¡ŷ֮䶼ߴð˴̵Ѫ׹ϵοӢ
1603δδӢŮɯ׼ݱǰָ˸ӴŵѪո
ղķ˹ΪԼļ̳ˡղķ˹Ӣոļְ
ֹһҲϲ˽ͳһ
Ӣ

շƵļ֮
ʫʫ

                            ǫ

ǰԡ

20202Ѯʵ¹鶸Ȼ£֮ķɻȫͣ
һڵº֮ʣӵŶ룬ڵﺣ
˹̹ı߳ǡʱߡ

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˹ѧʿѧλġŶоǿѧ
ΪԼ˿ҵһʵ㡣ʱŶȫ
ĵעһʮʹʫʫĽУ
˽⵽շʫʫ˵ԭǵͽǰǣ
Ŷʫɲ˹ȻϷתΪġ
Ըⷭ룬ΪķḻԺշﾳǱԢ⣬ǲ
˹﷭벻ܳصġ֮꣬Ҳ޴ӾܾҵĿ
ʫ˲˹ıȻд߷ḻƵĽ⴫
Ϸ棬Ϸ浱¼

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¼ŶĲ˹ԭģϷʵһ飬
ıĻɫٽϷУԣҳദҹ޴ǣ
Ƿ׼ȷȷеĥϣʫʫ
״ĵķʽˡҰղ׼ܷﵽˮ׼š
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ÿһշΪıߣһҿȥ׷޿ɽʾ
ڣڴ˴У³ڴ˴Уڴ˴УҲ
С棬ִʵݺ伣Уͼǲɲ
Ĵ֮ڵĹϵһֵּõʶһӽͨ
űߣңԶĵطңԶķ

                   202046㽭÷ڲӵ


ʫԭΪ 
˹﷭룺Ŷˣ
ķ룺ǫϷ



1

ҵʧߣǣķ1
¹۾׷Ѱ˵⡣
һŻֺڷڵˮ
һŻƱûڹˮ
û˫ᣬұȻĻΪң
ֻץߵķ˿ץ
ҵ˫Ѱſ
ոεĺɫüһĥ÷Ľ
ҵĶԸѽ÷顣
Ŷѣҽˣ
ˣȫ١

2ף

ҹĻ٣ڶԵkĻ
ֻΪȴkķҷ
ҿҵĴ
ɣҹݺһ
Ʒºٯӵ2
ĪΪؤǺɫ֮ͽ
ǰȦ˳
ҪΪ޴ŵ
ģҵñӿɴ񷣬
ҵָ⣬ܽȹ
ҶĿ˼ʹ룬
ΪĵдһϢ
ÿ˵ǰһҳϵĹ
ǾӬǰƲȥ
ĹҲ˺ҧҵ°ڣķ
˵ʵڰ㡣

3

ӵкζ{3}ķϣ´۵ħ{4}
޾ҲԵ˶ݡ
Ľƾĺ
ȥ죬߶ȫȻɢ
ջòƳİˣ
ȴεͶ
ԴԲѣ
ʱʹ󻰶ڣʣں
еÿһϢļֵ
ϧеϢνĽ
ͰĶǳʱޣʱӯ
իƹҲֻΪ˽ͶƤѡ
һֻڷй
Ƿܲķɶ꣬ȥ


4

ٵ֡ԽҸֻΪ
ףҹִѰ
֣ڵļž
Ϊ͸
Ҳ˶߰ΪڵĴڡ
ʵĿȸԺΧҫ
ģֻлҶžǫѷơ
ٺɳգ5ڽջ
ûȥưܵľƹúɣ

5ף

ɣȰߣسľƹݣ
ԸοȥΧƿ˶ת
ҽһɫ͸ɫְɫ
氮֮ɫ
ҵ֮ᣬ챦ʯɫ
Ȱ߰ʺĴһļ
ڶߵıߡԼԭ磬
ȴߡ
˼価֪ͯƿԣ
ʫƪ

6ף

ҹ˵ӳɣ
ҵ˸ͦɣǰȴ繭ɣ
ҹԮļ6ɣ
Ҹγϣ԰˿Զ룬ɣ
ӣҵıݣ
ֻǰһ΢ūͣɣ
ԸΪǰڷͲ
ҪŵҵָҪȹڣ7ɣ
ŶѣҵѪε䣬ʱݣ
ųʵȥ˺δɣ
ԣǲڤǰ쿴
˽ֻĸͳɣ

7

˫üǾߵҽ
üٽΣߡ
ûе̽㾧Ө
ĳߣ˯̾
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㻨ԵΧǾ8
ĪֹԼҵʹᣬ
ƺеĻڵȴ¶
˯谭
˯Ŀٳߵξ
ȻⰮ뱻ձƻ
Ȼ谭ߵİģҲϦ

1ʫгֵ磺˿㷢衯ҡ
շﾳָߣߣ뱻ߣ֮ȡϵһ;
2ﶼʫ׵Ʒϯա͡
ũзִڰ뱻
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ͷҲշƣеɫߺͱ⺭
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һַʽҡҷĹ˼ȻڵһԢ⡣
8ָ뱻֮谭

עʫĵΪӡ



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ʫʱĿ
һԼԭ
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ǵģΪҵļǿȨķ϶ˡ

жսңѿƵǰأ˱׽ǡ
䡢ˡʣͶ˹֮սУֳʹ˺
ѡŤòĻʵУµʶʷ
òԷʽʼӵԼĴڡܣĸҵı
شڰ˹ͻ֮Աͬʱ
һĻ¡ɻĪǣѵ˵
ʫֽŵѹ

2020꽻֮һʵΣ¹ʵĶȻӣ
֮кȫ̱֮ʣ˳ܺ˿ѧŶ
룬ʱٽﺣ˹̹߾СǸʣŶ
סڸ˽ѧҵķһڷľȺ
ѵõ顣ɴˣҷڶȡºѧ˹ѧ
ʿѧλŶо򡪡ѧʱŶȫ
УһʮʫעʫŶⲿһ
ʵʫע͵Ĳ̫ǳԣԼƷ
кܴ࣬ЩƷαŶ˺
ϣҵ˱ڷɳء˵ȵصʫȫԭ׼
һϴԼоĽǶ³һעͰʫȻΪ
˵ŶΪԼʫһƷȱʧԭԭò
κҲĵİ뵣

Ļ̥ڲ˹˹ĻѧĽǶ
һϵͳƵԣ﷨޴Ƿʽͬʱ
зǳḻԡ벨˹ͬĵʱȲ˹
ǱȲ˹ﻹҪӵԡ׵ļìܣ
ͻ֮ܵƣѷչں̶ܴϴڱͬ
ʧ״̬ΪĻ˵һӣŶԴΪǡ

ʮѧģʽӴԼĻ죬ȴִĳ
ǣĻʱĻ֮໥ͨԸ
ŶǵĶԻǿҵĿչ
Լ׼ȷҽ˿ǰرԿʫ
֪ﵽ־ȷ΢һǳ

ַԣһֽкǹٷڿ
ѾڶֹΪַԵԪһǧһ꣬㷺
ʫˡҵдùᡣΪʣˣ
˵ĿʹáַΪᣬֻ˺
ʹáһֱʮͿʫĵῪʼӰ쵽
ѧʫдҲ˵֮ʫҵ
дʼʹᡣַǿˡǡ
ĸҵĿУΪճ
ѧǿƵǳǿƹͻʹܵѹƣ
ѸѧʫеһַΪʹõ˺٣Ҳ
ʹѧʫķԣַԵĴдڵͲΡʹõķ
ΪʹãƷĳ֣ʹһԴﵽ
Եˮ׼ʹõֹٷһǿһ
ᣬᱻȷΪٷԾΪʫѧеӰ
ʫû

Ԫһ߾꣬ڽĿ˾ۼС
ᣨsoleimani ʡһֱ
ѧҵʱС͢babanͰʱ
ڰ˹۹ʱǿļз档
С͢źܺõĹϵڰͰʵͳߣsoleiman 
pasha ᡤɳĶȥʱΪдһ׵ʫԼ
һ꣬һ˵ӳȢޡʥص
֮ʱ˵Сͥ˹̲ˣʱõ۷һ
ƵĹȵףٻص磬ȥ˰˹۹׶˹̹
һ꣬˹̹գûáµ
Уо߷ʫ˵дʫһһ
һ˹ĿǰΪֹҵʫһʮף
ҵһٶ䣬˹ֻҵһסðдһ
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ȫĿ֤Уʳⲿʫײ
ƷȻǰûӡйԼʫڼʱѾǸʢ
ʫˡĵĺռɢָ壬༭ɲ档

˹ʫͨΪѣ壬壬ʮһ
ĸʫȻҲ淶ʫʫ
šϽڡ̣ɵĹ淶дʫһֱǰ⣬ʼû
İ飬ͻŮ֮ҵİ飬
ǸֻǿţȴҲڵշʶ
Χ޴ڵʫ䣬ɢ̽յ޻
ڷĵĸصĴͳͳ¹ĶУ˾
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ͬʱһλͨͲ˹Ŀʫˣʫۺ˶
ĻɫʣֳŶͬʱõķ
Уתȡ֪Ӧ͡Ŷ˵
ʫǲˮһ͸ģӳַḻɫʺµ⺭
Ӱһһд֮ʫģ
һЩʫҪԽǵƷʼĨȥӰӡ˵ʫ
˺ܶزΣǣڡĿ
ǰֹѧעͺͽŶоǶδ͸
ԼоչһƬоء

ڶʫһ˽УŶʫ
Ϊ˹ȻϷҼ¼ɫΪ
Ըⷭ룬˵ʫĸɺͷḻںڷжʧܶࡣ
Ŷָһ̺˵ʫԭ̺ı棬֯ϸܵģɫ
ġȻ̺һ˵Ʒ̺ı棬֯ƴֲڵĲ
¶ˣɫҲࡣΪʫںˣضڷжʧ
һ֡˵ʫڷннûз룬
Զ֪ʫ֪ʫʫеһ
Ŀ鱦ǵһνʫģǳҪŶڱ
˵ķʽϲʫɲ˹Ȼд
ŷḻƵĿϷֳת¼⣬Ψ
һһײ˹ʫҲսʫġҰε
ʫ彻ϷʱΪϽְ˸öĺשص
˹ﺺʵ䡷ʸٴɫʼ塣ʱյ֧£
ŶĲڶȻŶʫԼ
˵һ֣ʲôأ׽ıҪԣƱҪʧ
ʧ뽻Ǳġһ˵ٽһ
һ֣ڶе˵ǲѶΪ֮ĹΪ
˵ڱ𴦣ʫԼӿﵽ˹Ѿʧʫ
ںٴӲ˹ﵽģʫɥʧ˶٣Ѳö֪ң
ĳŲ˵˵̫Ѱر̺İأ
ҲҪͬѰڽ鷽ɰյġ

е˹һһԼ֮⣬һ
ڽɫʵ֣ĽǺζ˹кζһ
ɫʵʥ˵֣еɫߺͱֺ壬
ۺϵʫСշƵ⺭ͨصԪأһ棬
ճΪзڽѿڽ
ΪԴ֮ˮԱ԰סһڽǢ
ԣͻ࣬Ҳ޴ӽĲ档շʫ͵
ǽڽʶĶԽӣһġġйٵĶ
ﶼ˻ķʽڽɡٺ͹ꡣڲ˹˵ʶ
ﾳŮü㷢ӣ¹۾޵õҹݺ
㶼շʫؽЩӦõԼ
дУ֮Ĺϵתշʫ˱صðʵ
ֲ֮ڣȻľڸܱԼ
ĸ֪סˣìܡһֻǱǰʵ
غߣһֻͱ˺ҧҵ°ڣƴҪҴӱߵĸ
ߡŶưɣеշһʫб˹ľƣ
˽ӽ׽˵ǡͨ߻Ȱߣ
ߡԵľƺʹϹϵҾ壬Ϊշƶ
ֻֿƵ״̬ܹеıƵշƣȷ
˼ʽлưԵĸо׵
ƽ״̬йʱתʥص


ʳʫķϣͲ˻ڻӵе󣬾˵
һӣΪδʵӰ
иĿռ䡣лɫƵĺͷ׺ֵ
ȥһҰиũһɽطˣ
˼͸¶һ˻ߵ

ŶΪʫʫ̳֮һշʫ˹ֻ
ڷȱʧδ˹㷺֪һĹ˵Ŀ
СᣬΪѧĳɼϹƽ֯ΪĻ
Ųء

̫ˣпʴʫ˵ģ
סйķйȡȻ󣬽һ
һΪȵ£Ҳ˳ʫ˰ˡٽ
аʫĽĽĲƺ
൱ʫ˽ʫ˻ʫ߷壬Щʫ˶һ
ɱԶʿɽɽʶһйĸǺب
ڸʵĶʿɽɽеӡǶɽĵɫѩ
Уֳᾱֵ͸

סŶСݺÿ춼ҪӿĴʿɽ
ɽҲ˳쿴¥״һǴһҿ
һϵǵʱոѿº뿪ʱ
ˡ˼ʵģߴΧĥ
ʢӰڴڴ˵ʫܺΪأΪˣдһʫ
˵ġŶ

ʱʱ߳Ǹ
һᡣ
ʿɽİѩ
ƲƣҲǽֱҵ
뼾ϵ
¹׷
һλʫˣҵ
ڳʱһƬҶ
ƮһƬ
Ҳ֪ļй
շƷʽж
ҵ·߲֪
ƻ˴ʢ
ԵػȻʢʵ
ԵϰҲڴ˲
ǰظЩҳ
Щ򾡢
һ֪ߡ
ʫħ
Ըⱻһֱ߻̳
վһɽ
ʵת۾ͱʷ
δ⿪ת

*Իʿʷ˹Ŧƽҹ

2020329ճ壬45޶

͡סססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

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ʮһؿɲĺ

1995꣬ԶִзæĹ۲֮ʣָһӦ
׼ķλǼֻ֮һƬĻĮûֵö
ùԶĿꡣ

һĲ֮ٸѧҴĪľϲԶʮʱ
ɼǿĮϡеĹ⣬صһȺ貵ƬȻƬϵ
ǺǣǾ޴ϵЩϵңԶûڵκ
ǿԶгֹֻͻƴ֮͵⾪һƳ

һƬءΪաHubble Deep FieldЩ
100ڹ֮⣬࿴ԶϵΪԶӽޣ
ֻĻϼСһߵ㣬ȴҲ3000ϵ

ǹʵΣһθաΣǷ
µ㣬ӦֵĳǣŷֱΪSN1997ffSN1997fg

ôңԶľϣǱĹΪЧӦʱú
յķΧ̫С3000ϵʱֳ
ȻǸСʵ¼ΪԶԴ̫ûע
ǰԤøٲʱ䡣ķֳ֮ҲֻܿƬ̾

˹ʱѾڹԶоʧĴûṢ
ȴҲ޼ƿʩ֮һͻȻԶ󿪡Զ
ԴŶִиָĹ۲ǶʱȻûר
ȥ۲յĳǣҲĵƬ

  ڴ浵ݿһ֮˹Ƿͬһ㡣
Զ1997װ³豸þ˹Ƭûʲôĵط
׼еԣһϵƬһSN1977ffȻС˹
רݷ

2001һѧϣ˹Խ곬оĽչϵͳعˡ

    һóͼϵ͵ֱߣȻһһ
չʾͲŶ̷ֵĳǡǶؾصֱߵ
һ࣬γһ⻬ߡǱ1998귢ֵ͡

סͼҶ˵ֽƬһ繫·֣
SN1977ffǿ110ڹ֮⣬֪ңԶĳǡ

ǹسͼеһ䡣ȲڹֱϣҲ
͵ϡ෴ڹֱߵһ࣬ζ
ڼ

ѵΪһŸ¡ɿĳݷǰǼȳɽ
۵

Ȼڳѧȴûо졣ǲԼͬ¶ϲĵЦݡ
Ľ



1990ǹԶŹʵʱѧ鼸ʮһЩ
ǿľƬӭж⡣ĽҲĴ̤߽
ȷѧ

1994꣬ɣͬܽWendy Freedmanͨõǡ
òͬ뷨ǰAlexander Friedmann֣һ
ͻơŶùԶϵͳزϵľٶȣٶ֤
ɣʷȷĹֵ

ܽǿڻоĵһŮʽԱ1990Ѳǿũ
άأ³͢˹ʱȻŮѧҡѧȻ
ȴҲýרעĶ

ý䶯ֵ÷ءɭɣȣ
ѧ͵顣ܽĽɣ
޵еֿնֵ֮䣬ɣֵôСһ
ĵһΡֻС120꣬ϵ
ᡣ֮󻩡

ѧʧˣ
ǹĵֻڼ͵ǰµƵĽ
䲻Ǽ򵥵ĵһЩеĺǸϡ

ȻѧΪȷѧ֮ʣעĿΪصİʡ
ȷ



21ͳ150λѧҺһһιģӴ
˿ղ顱ݻղ顱Cosmic Evolution Survey
桱COSMOSĿԹԶΪԵϸԶ
Ϊϵ׫ϸĵͼǻעѰϵ֮乹͸Ļ
500ʵǿԳֵоΪ͸Ǹϵϵţ
ͨǿԲϵзĶ٣ͨ͸ĳ̶ֿϵ
ȽϣԼϵаʵ

ǶеѰͰʵͷֲ൱׼ȷİա

ղ黹ľϲһ͸ʵУΪ͸Ĳһ
Ѱϵţײ֮еϵнСϵӵ㴩
ϴϵһ¶ͷΪӵϵšBullet 
ClusterΪѧṩоϵײ̬ʵıᡣۺϲͬ
۲ⷽʽݣǷְѰʵķֲٴغϣ൱
̶ȵķ롣ƺŲͬĶѧ֡

ӵϵŵƬעĿ漴Ϊʵֱ۵֤ݡ



2001630գһſѧգʮǰġƱȡ
߾̽΢䡣ԭ΢̽
(Microwave Anisotropy ProbeӢļΪ桱MAP

̽Ҫ֮һǵҿ˵ѧƤ˹ͬѧͬ
ɭǱ˹ѷȣɭӦû͵ҿˡƤ
˹һΪ΢ķߡ֮ѧĶ
ע汦ءMAPһɭȥΪʽ
Ϊɭ΢̽WMAP

̽ʵǵǣΪƵǹС
͵һ150ڣһ̫С̫
͵ãܹ̫̽򲽵һ£
λú㶨䡣ġյ㡱Lagrangian pointһWMAP
ڵǸ㱣֤ԶضڵӰ̫Ӱ졣

WMAPѲ죬ϵռ΢źţ汳
ϸͼȻ㿪ʼرݡڳǲ
ͽ󣬡ѧ־2003һνȡѧͻơ
ѧ򣬱WMAPķ֡

֤ܽԹĲܾȷصóΪ137.72
꣬Χٷ֮һҪ񡪡֡Ҫ
΢еġԡ

ʮǰĿƱѾΪ汳µһȫǳĵһФ
񡣿Ʊ֤ʵ΢ǹ⻬һƬǷָ΢С¶Ȳ
졣Щ汩֮ѧ䣬Ҳǽϵ
ṹıԴƱƬֻǴı߽ģ塣WMAP
ҪһŸƬܱʶЩı߽硣ʶ
ļʺͰŷͬСɵҪԡ

19ͳ¹ѧҸ˹Carl Gaussڵĺŵĵͼ
档һĹ˼Ҫڵصɽϲǹɵε
нǡŷ¼ѧУεڽ֮ͱض180ȡ˹ʵʵ
֤һ£ΪѾɿвŷ¹ļδڡֻʱ
㹻ľȣֻ֮֮ܲѧBernhard 
Riemannָ·չһ׷ŷ¼ѧΪ˹̹չ
ṩѧ

200ִѧѾͬ˹̹Ǹޱߡ
ģ͡ԽԽ֤ݱʵֻƽ̹ŷ¿ռ䡣Ϊ
ȷ֤һ㣬õķҲ˹лһ޴ġ߶ȵ
Σڽǡ

ȻҪĲεһֻڵϻ򸽽
ڵܿңԶڣ΢

΢Դը֮30ꡣʱԹٴ
ֻ30ľ롣ˣǸϣͬ¶ȵĴСӦòᳬ
30꣬ǻ֮޷ȡϵﵽƽ⡣Щ
ͬ¶ȵ߽Ϊεһߣ֪ı߳30ꡣ
ߵı߳Ҳ̶ܹǵ򵽱ľ롣WMAPȿƱȸǿľ
ͬı߽ʱΪṩΣҲͿ
߶ʵָ˹룬֤ŷµԭ

ʵWMAP֮ǰѧҾѾͨ߿汳Ĳ
WMAP̫յһߵӹɵľȣڲٷ֮һ
£߶εڽ֮180ȣȷһƽ̹ŷ¿ռ䡣

WMAP̫յĹ˽ʮ꣬2010΢ʹ
ûнŷ޺2009귢ˡʿˡǣԸߵľȽWMAP
˹ѷ1960зֵ΢µͳԽԽ
Ϊչܡ



˹̹ڹ泣еΪ
ֵ޷ԭȷֻͨʵ϶á԰˹̹˵ʱ
֪Ǻ㶨ģֵͨõһȷһ
Ĺ۲ı˶ʵ⣬泣˵µʵ
泣 = 0

1990ڣɡƤ˹ȡѧҡѾ
еѰʡʺͰܶȵܹױٽܶȣ
༴ = 1ܵõһƽ̹ռ䡣֤Ĵڡ
WMAP֤ʵƽ̹֮ǵѾתΪѧʵ

ͨ͸ղ飬֪ѰʡʵǶԦĹס
ֻЩʣֻдԼ0.27ʣµ0.73ֲֻܿ
ƽ̹·ֵʵṩϦֵȷ;ĳɷԶ
Զʣռ˼ķ֮

1970ѧͨ淶Ϊӵ΢罨ġ׼ģ͡
֮ѧ֮ҲΪ潨˱׼ģͣCDMۡ
CDM䰵ʵӢдǢܹȷ
䡢ƽ̹͵ȵȹ۲ʵ

УʺͰӰٶȵľء
һегʾɲڼгٶȣǷ
ڼӿ͡гУͣȡڶߵĽ

ڰ˹̹Ĺ۳УʡѰʻǰʡ
ܶȵʽ֡ɲЧȡܶȵĴСУ
Իתǵغ㲻䡣ΪܶȾͻʱ
Сܶȱڻö࣬ɲʹͣɲԽ
Խ顣

һ棬֮Խ泣ΪڳһҲ
˵ܶȲͶı䡣ҵҵʼһת
ƶ͡

ǣCDMеͼȲ٣Ҳһֱڼ١ȡɲ
ͷܵĴ˳ڵΪʵɲǿƶ
ͻ١Ȼ͵ļɲ𽥼в档ĳʱ̣
ƶԽ˰ʵɲʹӼٱΪ١

ֻǴڼٵĽ졣

˹ǿңԶSN1997ffǳ110ǰʱ滹
ͽ׶Ρˣһǲͬĸûз񶨼ǰĽۣ
ǡǡһ֤ʵ˦CDMۡǵ෴Ҳں̶ܴ֤
ǵĽĳδʶƴϵͳ

ʻегӼͻȻΪʱԵ𶯡˹Ӧ
һس洤Cosmic Jerkĳ֤˵ȷйһ
ʱ̡ڴԼ50ǰŦԼʱ̲дŸ壬Է֡洤
ΪĿĴ⡣

Ӣеʱǡ쵰˼ǸҲ
Ϊҵˡ漶쵰һ˹־Ф



ӽ140ʷȼǧꡣڼ䣬
ɧǿգ硰Ժ嫵棬ǶôСĸпǲ
֪ĺʵԶԶسԽǵ

٤ԵһԶҹдŴۿǡһ
ϵͳ棬֤ʵ֮죬ԽԽ

Զ20ĩٴΪµҰңԶ棬͵
˼ϵ΢ֱӡıԵʹ
͵ż

ȻеĻԻͣȴֻķëǡڦCDM׼ģУϵ
ɵӾ治ǧ֮ġ֮⻹вʣ
ڶǼʳȵȡ뿴üϵһѰʲ֣
Ҳֻİٷ֮ġ

ǰٷ֮ʮ壬ֱ19701990ŷֱ𱻿ѧܵ
ʺͰǲ֮ڡ

޹ֺѧϷʣǺΪ棬ֻеȾ΢


Ȼ֪ʡʲôǱϾʶǵĴںͷ
21ͳʺͰӡδ֪δ֪unknown unknowns롰
֪δ֪known unknownsʶһص档




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