                           ˿µϣ2020815գ

20.08.13-14ûи
20.08.15, ˿20208º
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ţһ񣺡ȻȷĴ
˿¶ƽ츳ϣС
Ǭδԭԡѧ˵ĵ塪ƽ˵ġɡ
͡ʣͱĹ£إإߣ


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Σţסԣȣңţģӣ

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˿ΪĻۺϿѧʷءѧơ
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͡͡˻רѡÿʮճ棬ڳ
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ҳʰ棺󣮣硡
ڰ棺󣲣
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Уӣѧ˾壮


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ӹȺרѶ֪ϷȲǡ
澭Ҳǡ䡷ϷԴģòƽƽ棬ȴʤ
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Ѷ˵Ǵͳֻܴʧˡ֪й͸̨
Щǵһ˵ȦҲСŽӹС˵
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ЩЩνʦǼ٣ʷϵᡢƷɺ衢Ԫ
סҶʱվMMĄ³Ҳò˶١ᣬ
ɲйͳ˵ֻйͳȫĴͳ
ڲ̨ʵսҲһġֹͣʵϵĽֻ
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ʵⱳ߼ܼ򵥣Ҳ˵ÿ˶Ըܡ
һбҵ֪ʶԶ׵£κһϸҽ
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ͳܴܲùִɲʱ򡱣ٶһαĸо
ʲôǷҪΪŵ3310ǱiPhoneͻΪȽʲô
ҪΪʱĳһλûмġʦԴ
ѧڲʵʹ̨ʵս¡ڲʱ
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̬㡣һƬáûеɳִ֣Ҳû
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ԼϣͬͬȺγѪԵȺЩ
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ԼĹԣ쵼ˡǹҵĴԣ
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ǿɱһͲ


Ǭסססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

ԡѧ˵ĵ塪ƽ˵ġɡ

                                δԭ

ʷġƽˣSteven Pinkerǹѧ֪ѧڣңҲ
һλŦԼʱȶѡΪ100λӰ֮һĹ֪ʶ
ӡʱۣỰThe Better Angels 
of Our Nature,  Enlightenment NowǷ޴ĳ顣ƽ
ңмƫ塣

ƽ˾һġ塱ߣԼûôʾԼ

Ұƽ˹Ϊ塱ߣǰĿǰȦжμҺѧ
ǵķ׼ĿǰۣһлƽȺ͸ƶȸ
ɶǡ塱ߣǲᡤɣ˹¿ޡ
ƶ˹AOCˡƽ˲ϵĽߡƽһλ
Ļʵһδķչ
塱ߡ

Enlightenment Now뱾ɡƽڲԼһ
Ľ2018꣬Դͳݺͼչʾٶ
ڰЩľ޴Ԥˮƽ
ߣչԵӣʲƸĸƣս
ٺ͹ʺƽ״̬ά֣ᰲȫ̶ȵߣεչ
᲻ͬȺƽȨʵУ֪ʶĲϻۣߣ
еĲӵȵȡЩĽʵɣôⱾ鼸
Ϊдġǽܻǲռʵٶ
֮Ż֪ԼӦԻʲô

нʵƽⱾжд
ߺڼŬƽѳٶ

ƽΪȥٶƽʵЩ˼붯18
ͺ19͵Щ˶˼ǵĽδҪ
ҲֻһʵЩ˶ĽЩ
ǣԡѧ˵塣

һ

ڱĵһУƽȻع˶˼ݽչԡ
ѧ˵˼ʷ߼

ƽÿµ˶ǡȥ⡱ȥ
ԼäĿŵؽڽ̺ȨĽȾһԡ
̬ȡ

Լȥ̬£˼Ƿֿѧ
͹ȷԷЩɾ֤α
ʽıۡʵ顢ͳƷȵȡ

Щѧ˼ǲ˽磬Ҳ౾
˸õ⣻ǲʼϵԼκ񻯵÷ŸҲ
¼ֵ۴Ӷϵ۵ķתƵֵǹĵĶˡ
˵ĳ㡣

˵ְ̬ܣͼȲһϵ۸ʥȨ
ҲǴԼ½һ
ĿľδȫԱĹͬ

˵ƽȵĽԵĻȡ֮г
ȻҪӶս˼ҷ֣гʵרҵͷֹ
๲ͬʣҲ˺֮ĺгദں
ƽĽά֡

˵Ȼĸ˵ҸͱȻǿƽȣȨߺ
ֵ͵롣˵ķձȻ
ͬٵȫ򻯷չ

˵壬ƽ˵ȻƺӦзĶ
ʵϴ˶˵Ŀʼ⵽˰ڽ塢塢
͸Ӣȵȵǿҵֿͷԡ

ع⼸ʮǽʮʷŷ𣬴
ٴΰ󡱵ĿںŹĴ壬ɵѡƽ˵
Ǻľ޴˴ٳֽ˼Դ
÷ͷбҪµʱ
ٴ˶ԡѧ˵

ƽָ˼ǵҪʥǵ˸ʱ
˼һ泫˵ͽ˼룬һ棬ִ˼ı׼
ܾߡԱ߻ūʱľ
ϵķӳ͵Ŭ˼˼
롣

վڶʮһ͵֪ʶˮƽϣƽҲͼ˼һ˲
е¸ʷڵڶвģءϢ

ƽ˵ѧڶеصĸǣĴںм
ΪκιϵۻκĿƶ
ȻҲѭصĹɴṹ״̬Ȼ
ûκζΪƶĽ͵ĿǡĻУƶĻ
Ȼ״̬εֿصãαøԣҪԼ˼Ŭ
⡣

ṹĽϵ۵Ĵ죬
صĵֿд򻷾нάṹķܶڵֿصĵ
·ϣбĸ棬ǶϢĸЧռ
áܹЩϢ߼һȥһ󣬴һ
Ծһ̵⡣ˣءϢɶ
ʷͽ



ƽ˰ѡɡⱾֳ󲿷֣һֻع˶Ļ
ƽԼʷĽڶôͳݺͼչʾ
˶ĸ˵ڵԡѧ˵
ıҪԺ塣

˶꣬Ѿڿѧ֪ʶḻ21ͣ
ϸַԵȻǳУӷϽۡ仯ܾ
磬ıʢСںعԵʱƽָ˵ķ
ɷֲǾܾԵɡǡǡ෴ΪзԵĳɷ֣
ǲҪøַƻŬ
ƻáƽ˲νԵۿռһЩĽ顣

ѧǾԷƽ˵ֻܾٳһ
ΰĳɾͣǾͷǿѧĪ˵д֮
ǲйͨɯʿǵΰѧҲ
ܶǷϳūƻ˷˹ʾ̫͡ЩֻԵ
ֵĶ˷չ·ϵϰЩԿ䣬ͺ
һ˵ļдԼսʤ˾񫡣ȡõĳɾУֻ
ܹĿѧſļʡû
Լо档෢Ŀѧͼ
ֺġ

ȻĿǰ϶ԿѧĹȻϣӪЩ
ЩԴڶԿѧ⡣ƽָѧҲѧʷкܶ쵰
ѧңǷµвǿѧչıȻǿԱĶ
϶ԿѧЩѧ籾ƽ˱Щѧڽ
Ϳѧ䷽ţͷ죬Ӣ˶һȫӢ
˵ĹͨӢ˵ø͸һ㡣ЩѧʷרдĿѧʷ
赸ڱֻרע˶Ա̬Ƿʼղ
ҲܿѧڸʲôЩѧʷרҡı£ѧʷ
һ·ƷһɷֲãḶ́ȴ
ȫ˿ѧʵʴ޼֪ʶ;޴

ʲôǿѧԻƽ˵ʲôѧ
Ҫ棺һѧǿ֪ģǿɱģ
ǱǣǵЩ뷨ǷȷġЩͳ
ԴʾĽ塢Ȩȵȣǵ´
ʶԭ򣬲Ӧ֪ʶȷԴ

ƽر˿ѧԼֵ۵Ӱáܶÿѧṩҩ
ߣܾѧռ䣬ͿѧĽͣ
һᵽֵۺʱͰѿѧ֮⡣Ϊֵڽ̵
ǺԸֿѧֻ;飬ڽ̲ܴºͼ
ֵšǣƽָһ飬̾վס
ˡκеѧ֪ʶ˶ӦñԼļֵ۽ڲɿڽ̶
ͼֵĽϡκһпѧ֪ʶ˵۶Ӧÿѧ֪ʶָ
ۡ

ĻȦʮѧ˹ŵC. P. Snowĸ
Ҫ˼ǣĻ֪ʶһѧҵȦӣһִѧ֪ʶ
˽֪ʶӵĵڶĻȦӡ϶Կѧ͹ܶ
ΪڶĻȦӰƽ˺ĺͿѧѧǹͬŬ
ѧ֪ʶĻȦԿѧоĽϵԼ

ĽԺͿѧǲġƫһԵӡƽ
ָǰʶ෴ƫԭ򲢲֪ȱ
ԴάָύȦеϵѡƫһ
֪ġɫԡblue liesĿάԼڵȦ棬
սǵ´ϵͳʧܵġ֮ͬѡthe tragedy of 
belief commonԣҪ˵ΪԺͿѧķָԭ

ƽ˵ƽ˵ġơķϣϵ۵ĸ
סģҲǲҪģ߼ҵġ

ΪڽΪָţκ˶Լ
ĵ¹ۣκԼȷ飬һûԭĵ
塣ƽָ˵ĵ¹ԿѧʵΪĹͬҸΪԭ
򣬸۱׼κε¹۱ȻǿԱ͹۵ģͬĵ
֮п͹۵ĶԴ֮ġ˵¹۷壬ֵ
ԺͿ͹ԡ

ڽ̣˵ĹָйӰӡƽָ
岢ɳܣܶ˶ԹĹԴǶԹķǳ⡣
ڵ¼ֵϣȵӽ˵ԭ

Щ֧ר塢塢˹Ҳ˵
ĵˡƽ˵Ҫָһ˵Ĵ˼ңĪ
ɵĸӢ壬ԽƶӢ¹ۣһǷ˵ġ
ɵ˼ӰԶɴ˼ܵɵӰ졣ɱǣ20͵
Ӱ˼֮һһֱ21Ҳ

֮ƽ˰ѻת˴ա˵ɵĸӢ壬
ϣɴͷ˹ȹ壬һ֮ң˼ĵӰ
ҲһЩѧ߶Դյϡ2016꣬յõ136λѧߵ֧
֡塱ƽ˵ֻһʣѧġ
ũڵһЩ֪ʶӶԴӰܴ󣬶ǵĹͬǷ
˼Ӱ죬ҪָĻԻͣҪȺ
ȡʤΪڹģȫģ
һ֯ΰҪΰ
꣬ƽոȫֵΪΰЩǿȨѧ
һ˵ҲǹģǼҹġHe maybe a 
SOB, but he is our SOB. 

ҶﲻɵûһЦⲻĳЩ˴۽Լʹʱ
õ˵ɣ

ԣƽĽβرѣɡ



ƽ˵Ȿǳֵһṩ˷ḻĹϣ
˶Ļع˺ԼĽ˼άܣ߼Ĭ

ѴƼһЩǡ˸Ķ֮ȷ
һ⣬Ҳ˵ڶ½ءϢʱ͸о֪ƣ
ȥˡ˵˼Ե鲻ʺϡҪȥġҸ
˵ľǣͨһ黹ҪصĶ
ߵ˼д

Ҳж˵һҼÿֶͬ飬ǣĶһ
Լȫͬʲôļֵ

ͬƽ˴еľ󲿷ֹ۵㣬Щ޷ȫͬĵط
磬˽ƽ˵˶֪ι۵ĿǰЩ۱ʶΪ
ġɵķֱУЩжǿԽܵģ
ȴûһԼɵԣƺԵҪⱣԼ
ڹƫĽҲһǿȥλ
ԡѧ˵̬ȺͷۺͽЩ⡣ҵǣ
˵Ĺ۵ɻɣУǲԼЩ
˵ι۵Լֻ֧򷴶Եеź͹۵һ
εıǩͲֵȥϸֵ֧ġĿǰۻУ֡ԡ
ѧ˵塱ԭͬʱһӪѡ񡣲
ţԿΪԭЩλԣԿѧΪԭ򷴶Դ
Щƻߣ˵ΪԭǴī߾˵ѣ
Щл᲻ᱻӪǱϡ󡱡ʥĸȵ
ıǩԼǷʵϾվЩ̫˵ġɡ
ϡй˵Ͳס˵ԼһĹ۵㣬ΪʲôҪ
±ɵαǩء

ей۵˽ⲢͬɡⱾȻк
ֵһݡ˵˴߿ܲ˽ִ
ѧĻ縥ЧӦڶĻȦ֥Ӹʽۡillusion of 
explanatory depththe affective tipping point, Good without Godȵȣ
Щḻͳݺͼֵ˽ӵСǾƽ˵ռ
ͷǺܺõĽһЩỰĹߺϡ

ƽм߼ԣǲ֪ľڡ

͡סססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

ͱĹ£إإߣ

	̡ʡ

إ˹ִ̹
	
1967꣬ɣ浽¿˹ѧѧ档Ͻ̨δ֮ʣ
һλŮоͻȻվǽҪģȫǴһ
ɺԡ

Ǹʱ̵ɣ41ֵ꣬ѧ׳ꡣΪɭ͵һǰ
ĵϵ̨5.1׿ھԶĵȻˣѾΪ
Ĺ۲ĲȨһͻȻϮǰĪ

1953ȥʱոջòʿѧλɣ27ꡣ

ϲӢʽƷĹͬɣǶսڼе
վԱƤпˡƤпеȹܣʺںҹ
ڹ۲λϡԿһʮСʱϲ
ѧͨʱĵصˮÿζǵ
ƿڴ

֤ʵͺѧγһʶը
Ϊʲôôըˡ֮ΪԭʼĶܴڹԵͣ
µĶΨһӰٶȵϵ֮ǻţȾ
ʶټ͡

Ϊļ̳ˣɣ1960һƪӰܴģ
ѧҪ׼ȷֵȷٶȵĹͼ
ٶȵܶȡΪ˷һάչµĴ
档

ȻĲһʼءΪԶϵٶȿͨ
׺൱׼ȷȷǵľȴѲ׼ԾȽϽϵ
õάطֵ츸ܹϵͺɭԽԽԶʱ
ʹѷɽ2.5׿ھԶҲֱ츸ǡǹֻ
һĽƣϵǵȹ룻
Ҳ޷ֱʱϵȹ㡣

ĺԶĿھȺ˴һɣȻ޷ֱңԶ
ϵе츸ǣֻϮķϵƽȹ롣Ȿ
֮٣ȴҲȫ޸ݡΪϵȻС𣬵
󣬶Ӧ൱ȶзǳӽȣԿͨ
۲쵽Ӿ롣

ɣ浽¿˹ѧҪıⷽ½չǲڱ
ͷһŮо͢˹Beatrice Tinsley

͢˹Ӣ˶ʿҵ1962ɷ
³һ͢˹õķգڴ˹˽ڼ
Ϸͳ塢ԱӺܲӦܿΪСһ
ߡΪ˰Լܵ300֮ĵ¿˹ѧʿ
ѧλÿ˵

оϵڲĶѧϵһӵļϣʱ̶ھҶ
֮ᷢײϲµĺڵɵĺȼϺľ
֮ըԵزϿɼǡǵȵȡЩڵʱѧ绹ֻ
ǳĸ͢˹󵨵ؽжоõʱǳԭʼļģ
Щ۸ӵĹ̡

óĽϵΪЩڲǿҵر仯Ҳϵ
أ˲һ㶨ʵڹɣ
ϵȫûиݣɴ˶óĹǲš



ɣҲеλ쵰ѧУֻҪ˶Ĺ
㡢овͬȻȻϾϵѧ
һ仰ɣ滹ûв㣬㲻Ǹ

֮࣬ɣȻҲûа͢˹͢˹ıҵķ
ϵݻ֮ΪѧһɣҲȻţӶ


ɣ޷ӱܵǹ顣ŵίԱΪƱ
ǵĳɾѧ뾫ȷѧ֮ǰļʮѧΪ
ֵ͸Խ

Լ1930õֵ൱Ĵ󣬵ɴ˵óֻ
20ңС֪̫ϵ䡣ɣѧҷ˹
һϵд𽥽ֵ˽ʮӦأɴƲ
Ҳ˽ʮеϵΡ

ֱ1970ڣֵȻش飬ͬӪ
ֵﵽϡ˼ǣɣִµҪ
֮һ͢˹ĵʦֿնGerard de Vaucouleur



Ȼ͢˹ĲʿĿһϵѧո1966ҵ
ʧҵ״̬ΪһŮԣѧ硪Ǵ˹
޼Ϊɷһֱ޷Ⱥӡ͢˹
Լӵʹڵزμһ
ϵмͬʱҲûķҵעѧĽչ

Ĺ˼ʱҲոձҵո¶ͷǵ˵ע͡
ΪȡһЩڿлᡣ1972꣬͢˹ǣͷ
һƪģսɣָۡܺ
ԶԶԼ͡ˣͲΪԽԽ
ԶȥһΣɣԼһҲۡ

ķ󣬰˹˺Ƥ˹Ҳó
ͬĽۡȴһָеʵص͹
޴ġصİ

͢˹ɷڵо1969¿˹ѧϲΪߵĴ˹
УҪ齨һµϵ͢˹ëԼûбǡ
ʱѾ⣬õԶ֥ӸҮ³ѧ1974꣬ھ
ɷ飬ֻԶҮ³ҵһ꣬ٻѧ
Թ𡰺󹬡ĿũĴ󽱡

1978꣬͢˹ΪҮ³ʷһλŮĽڣͬʱȴϳ
Ƥȥ40ꡣһƪѧķ
ʮ졣

Ϊѧ1986䷢һȵġ͢˹
ġͻ׵ˣ1992ҿˣ



1970ĩѧҲòһ⣬Ϊ¡֡
İʳ׵ص߸ԭеۡ

֮ǰжܼ򵥣ǹĵΪ
Ǵը֮ٶȺ㶨Ĺ˶ǰʷ
ݵʼʱ䡣еܼ֮ٶȡ
͢˹ֵΪ̫ܶСЧ΢

ȻлʮѰʵİʣǹ׵ȴ
׵غӡ͵ٶΪ𽥱ô
ٶȻȽöࡣսٶֱ
ɿظ߹ǵ͵ļ٣ֻ80
꣬һ֪ϵΡ

Ϊ˰һЩѧ˰˹̹泣



˹̹Լû˵Ǹе泣һ
ʧ󡣵ȻʮְûڣΪҪƻģԭ
ļԺС֪͡Ǿ̬ʱ㲻˼
׸

ȻͬһЩȴܲΪȻ

ٵʱΪ泣ܺиԶ壬͵ı
˹̹һΪ֮Ҫһ
ĶԿپ෴Ļƿʵ壬
ܼ͡

÷밮˹̹ͷĻ᲻࣬ÿμ涼泣
˵ĽɫѾȫߵ÷ؼ泣ǹ۲ɻȱ
֣ð˹̹ʤ䷳

ٺ÷ضΪȻ泣ĴڣͲӦ
ɵΪ䲻ڡҿ˵˾ܶȦֵ
1һ˼ɺһٺ÷ؾæǡõ0Ҳ൱
ػơ

֮Ľͣ泣һ˼ѧе
״̬ûȫҲΪѧشڡѧ緢
ļڿƪʱձƵһ䣺費泣
ߡڼ覫Ϊ0¡

ʱʱأгֲý͵Ĺ۲ʱҲǿ
0ıֻ֡Щֶܿ˸õĽͣȻû֤泣
ıҪ

˹ıУڵļ͡Ҳ
Ϊ泣õḶ́Ȼֻһ10^-36ǡһ˲䡱
̣ԺͺӰ졣ڽŵɷƶ»ܽУ
Ϊδ֮һʱҲڻϵɳ泣
ѧҵӰ˹̹ʼ"The cosmological 
constant is the last refuge of scoundrel cosmologists,beginning with 
Einstein."

Լɷƶ»һͷԽ˹
˺˼ƪģ֤泣ıҪԣΪǽ
;泣ĴڵãͲ
սĹҲͲס

Ƥ˹ܿҲС

Ϊһġѧҡ⵽ѧһ·ԡ
ĽʮƤ˹۵㣬ÿζõͬС

ֱ1992꣬ƱǶ΢ľȷŸǵµ
Ʊ޿ɵȷƽ̹ģҲܶǡ
ƽ̹Ҫٽܶȣ11990ѧҲʼȷ
ʹϿİʣԶԶﲻҪ



1993꣬Ƥ˹ԭPrinciples of Physical
 CosmologyΪ1971Ǳѧĸ°档ֻ282ҳ
СʱѾΪ736ҳĴͷ֤ٵ20
еͻͽ

1996죬˹ٵһѧһµ۵㣺
ܶȲȫɡɣ൱һĳ
ۣǵȼ۵ġ

ʵڰ˹̹ƪʱģĵһ󣬰µ
ѧѦ̣Erwin Schrodingerָڳһ
ѹǿͿԲҪǸ泣˹̹ĪѦ
̲ǰڷʽߵĦŲұ߲˷šǳȴ
ĳʶ

Ѧ̵Ȼǲס˹̵̹ʱĳ̶ȣұ
ʱֲǸе泣
ұߣͳµ壺дڵֿȻѦ
ʱѹǿ

ָÿԲĲ㣬æֵﵽ1޶
ż˹̩˹ҲǴλͬĹ۵㡣

˹̹泣ʱû̫Ŀǣɴ˵õһֹ
֮ûȥ˲ȶԱ˴󹦸ɡʼųò
ءӵĸڵ֪沢Ǿֹ֮󣬸ǲ˼
ûٶ໨һȥ˼䱳ĺ塣

һ֮1990ѧȴʼ泣ܾ
Ҫԡ

Ҳ˹̹ʧ󲢲泣׵ض
Ҳɻȱɲ֡

ֻ⼸ѧҶ̸ֻֽۼҡ泣ʵڣ
͵ٶǷ㶨ҪʵʵĹ۲ݡҲ˹ٵǴ
ϣһλѧأSaul Perlmutterµ
ǲʾ͵ȷļ·

ڸЩ²ۼǵͷһˮ

    إߣ֮ 

˹1930ڲʱû뵽װû
ȵظı䵱صĿѧò֮ļʮںһֱ
ͣӿ˺üλŵѧߡ˹1958ȥʱ
ﴴʵҶ漴Ļѧ
ۣChien-Shiung WuҲ˹ѧ

Щŵа1968߰״ģLuis Alvarez
ȡóɫɾ֮1970ڣżȻ֪
ѧҡ¶ࡱ๫˾Ĵʼ˺¶ࣨStirling Colgate
ԶѰҳǣָʾԼѧע

״ûи¶ǵŲҲط1980
ѧĺȻˮɡҿѧר
ּĹʵоѧ»һ֥Ӹķʵ
ңһڲΪġCenter for Particle 
Astrophysics״˳¿ûоӡƴʣֱӱ
ȥǮ˳Ŀ



ʷϣͻȻƽûеġǡļ¼׷ݵԪǰ
һЩڻСйĹż൱ࡰǡǡӰ
ִ۲֤йԪ185꣨393꣨10061054꣨
ڼء

ӰȽϴ157211³һǡʱѧҵڹ
ϸµĹ۲⣬Ϊָʿ㲻ѧ˵֮ʱй
Ѿžſǵĳֶµǻʵʡ

30160410³һǳ֡ڹѾȥθ
ٹ۲ѧգ٤Եȡ

ɳµ˹1920Ĵ̽ǷһʱżȻ
ֵҲǸԵ۾֮һµ˹ΪǳƵ˵
ԶϵɳӦĳЩǿǳӦ
̫ԶһϣǸִһʣ˭Ҳû˵Է

ǵһֱ1931ų͵ѷɽͨϵ
ͳ۲ȷǲ뻮һЩȷʵ̫࣬ʱ
ǹڵϵɳûиݣǵ쳣
ΪǾΪͻһͰ͵´һʣǡ

Ϊ˹ײ֣м
ڵԪصټ

ʱո˰ʸʱһδ룬ָǱ
ͨںȼϺľ֮ں˼ΪǶͷųľ޴
¡1934ƪģѧʱ
ӲŸոձһ࣬ǵĸͬһ˼˶ֻ
һԷ

û٣ԼһСԶרѰҳǡ
ɽϵĵһԶ

ͬѷɽϵɿɷ˹1940ַһųǡͰ͵
۲෴ǵĹ׼ȫԪסȻҲڲͬ
ɿɷ˹ְԭԪصĳǽIͣ·
ĳԪصඨΪII͡



20ͳѧҺմظݹ̨۵Ĺݺ
֮ġŶŮҡܽͣͨ
ǡmain sequenceȽġǡgiantͱȽϰġ
ǡdwalf֮иݹ׵ɫ󻹿ϸ֡

̫һǣȫ⣨75%24%Ԫ
عɡΪ̫ľ޴ὫеĶ
ǿͬʱҲڲγɸ¸ѹԭӷ˾۱Ϊ
˷Ӧӡ΢䣬ȣҲͬʱΪ̫
ṩ˿̫ڲĺ˷ӦٶСϢϢأ
ôһ̬ƽ⣬̫ȶɵƽ̬Ѿ46꣬
50ꡣ

̫֮ڲ⽫ľΪ㹻̫
ں˻ᷢһʱͷŵΧƿ
ͣɾˮǡǡʱ̫һšǡ
δͬʱҲѾκܼʱϻ
ûܡŵȥˡĻ

̫ںѹܼԺΪȼϽȺ˾۱䣬
̼ȼҲĴֻʣԾ۱̼ʱ̫һ
Ϊһšװǡ

װҲǹƤֺĺ󹬹ܼҸ1910ȷϵġض
ַ׹ȴֻ谵󲻽⡣ƤΪػӦ
֪ʶĽ"It is just these exceptions that lead to an adv
ance in our knowledge."

󵽰װ֪л𵽵á



1930731գ20СǮSubrahmanyan 
Chandrasekhar˹ŵLloyd Triestino֡
ǰѾӢѧ`Ϸһƪġڻӡһ
ѧǰ졣

ŵİٺ͸գRalph Fowlerʱ԰װǵĹȤ
յѧ˸ողʿҵƹ׵ĵۣѧ
зӵġ-ͳơFermiCDirac statisticsʶ
ӦҲǰװǵ״̬Ϊװܶȷǳߣʣµ̼
ԭӣǱѹ顱ɴԭӺɵ
ΪԭPauli exclusion principleӲͬʱ
̬ͬϣֻܰշ-ͳռԽԽߵ̬൱
ڵ֮ԴѧĶų⡣ߵƽ
װǵĴСģؽ˰װǵĴںȶԡ

ҲǮǴǰĵ¹ѧĩƣArnold 
SommerfeldӡȽѧǮҵĩƵķݷã
һʦѧ꽲ǰصķ-ͳƺͰװۣ
ϡ

Ǯ˹ŵϱûûҹоġܿ췢
˸յһֻ˾ۡڶĵΪ˴˲
ų⵽ԽԽߵ̬ʱǵٶȻԽԽӽ٣
۷롣Ǯڸյģмó˸
һķ֣װǵĴСһȷޡ
ޣͲȶ

źڷܵǮڸպͰٵָֻ3ͻ
ʿѧλڼӦֱѧʥظ͢籾ѧܲ
Max BornĽ̻塣԰װģ͵ƹȴһֱ޷õʦ
⡢׿ϡ

19351£ǮڵõӢѧ룬
ĳɹϣվָǮ㣬Ѹԭѽ
ٶȽҡ̫ĺܱɰװǣʵ
ǻܳΪʲôȻǲĵľģ

ĿеĻĵǵʱѾ۸ĺڶ޷Ǯ
Ϊڶṩһܵ;ݳɰװǣ
ƱػΪڶҲûй˼˰ոǸ

չ24ǮڰٵͻȻϮǰ޴롣շת
˵ȣϣܹһ֮ȻЩȻ
˽ﶼ϶ۣȴûһԸ⹫밮ұŤ
ʵҲصóǮͬĽۡȴΪֻ˵ѧ
װǵļ²á

ٺڹѧǮΪѧ
Ǯһ漴û˶ʮʽǮ
˶ԽšӢʧ͸ȻǮðٶĹ
ɷ֣ǻǱٱϵ˽ꡣǮڰٵ
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ֱ1950Ǯİװǽٶȱѧ緢֡ܣ
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ʹڷѧȺУ״ҲһصĽɫ
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ϸϿ˹ٷһӵɿĽۡ֯Ŷ
߶԰д͸Լ飬֤ûصİҡ
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״Ļ㡣ע⵽ʷֹļ
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1981ӹҵоʱͱ״ץ
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Ŀǰû֤ݱ̫ôһ޵СȷʵĻ̫
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۲쵽İװǱҹǣSiriusİǡ

رҵڲʿ󣬲Ϊ˼Ѱī˹ǻ
ĳԣ̽ܡ1980ǵļֵ𽥱ԽԽ
ѧʶͰ͵۲쵽Iͳǡ׼ȷ
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󲿷ְװԼİǡǽӽʱװǵἳȡ
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1908꣬еάط츸ǵĹǿڹϵ
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IaͳþֳɵĴ𰸡ҲͳΪѰٵĿꡣ



ڹȡշֱų쳣ʹҲ׿
ΪǲIaͳǣҾͷ֮У൱ؽ
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ǳ֡úЪ˹ȺǣĻԻȴҲ
ûֹܳ1604ǿšճǡϵһۿɼ
ĳǡ͵µȺͨԶѰԶĳǡ

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طȫȷǿ仯ߡȴֻһԵżȻ¼
û䱬ʱʱز׽ԶʧȥᡣߣҪȷһ
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