                           ˿µϣ2019915գ

19.09.12-14ûи
19.09.15, ˿20199º
ʫӦ弴
ţͿ£ĳͬ 
˿¶ǣ۵ףɽҰͤѩ
ǬܣеСɳЧӦ֪ĸ׶
͡ȱޣףʮʮ壩



ԡԡԡ¡ԡԡ˿ԡԡԡ
Σţסԣȣңţģӣ

ڣ
һž´

˿ΪĻۺϿѧʷءѧơ
յȷĿǰĸ̶Ŀţʡۣ˿
¶ʫ衢ɢġС˵Ǭʷܡ֪ʶСƷ
͡͡˻רѡÿʮճ棬ڳ
ר

ҳʰ棺󣮣硡
ڰ棺󣮣
ޡλ
Уӣѧ˾壮


ʫ졡弴  

Ӧ  弴졡Ӧ

ţ  ʴִ
  ʵ
͡£    졡
        ĳ          һƥͣٴϢ
        ͬ      ·صĹ
졡
˿¶  ʱСݼ׹
  صɲǽ𡡡
  ǣ۵ף
ɽҰͤ        ҹɫвֲﱻع  
ѩ롡  ڴ﷭˵Ϸ
졡
Ǭ  һµĴ
  Ҫʷˢɸ˵İס
̡ܣе    졡
ġɳЧӦ֪ĸ׶Ρ졡
          ŦԼ  
͡졡
졡
ȱޣףʮʮ壩졡
졡
Ѷסססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

½籨Ⱥ(TelegramƵt.me/fangshimin͡
ӶȺt.me/fangshimin_tg

½(Kaizala)ƵȺ룺1008419879
ȺȺ룺3921337180

ţסססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס



  ¡


ҵĹ³һС壬ûɽҲû丵Сӣһ
ƽȫ͵ׯڡҶʱļڵǳر磬
̫ոûĵƽߣͻӶ¶ٺɫĶͷһ
ԲԲģҿѾõ±

ǸطæʱôеĹ
Ӱһ³Ѻ±ԡĹ⡣
һ˸ߵʱ򣬻¹ڵɻкüΣ
죬ҵĸײŴӵ

ǸʱջһһôӵﵹģȰѻˣҪ
ֶСţص˼Һ٣Ǽң󲮼ҺҲһͷţԴ
ֵǸ׺ͽһһµľץһһ۵ġ
׵ãÿһδӵ۵׾ſϯϣ վ
ıȡҴʮأҸײȱо׵ļ׵
Ľš

ÿһθײ걳׾ͻֻҶ°Ͼֱ
ҵĽأϲָоϲ״ϵ¶Ⱥǵζ
˵ÿ쾾һ¾ͻ᳤ߣø߸ߴɻұϾûгߣ
ڸ׵ĿпѾúܸߺܸߡ

Ȼæڳ±ǼҴû¹ÿһζܿ±
ÿһγ˵һԺͲԵڶڡǸʱ±ǺӲһ
Щ˿һЩ档СʱûгԹóԣȻϲ


Ǹʱ±۽һֽš±źֽ
ţֽûɫд±֣Ǹʱ±ûʲôӡ
ȸ״ӵĸ׾ͻ±򿪣óһг飬
һֽáҵǳԵĺ㣬ʣĸ׵
һ󣬿ǶˣǻҪҪԡ

ʱһξǶʮꡣԺһû±ڡ
ոոĸ绰Ѿǰʮĸ˵ڵĺ̫˷ˣ˵
Ůһ±ٿ顣˵Сʱһ±
ëǮ˵ٿǮһе±ûʲôóԵģֻǱȹȥһ
Щĸûг±ӲĻġ˵ҸճԹӲģϲ
СʱӲ±

̧ͷƺкںڵӰӣ˷һ
ӰʸףǸ˭˵϶𣡡ǵģ
磬ֿ˹϶


ĳ

  ¡


ԭûгһƬճء˵Ҳ֣ӵĶߺɳ
山Ȼûɳ𣬵ҲɳȴǼӲճء˵
ϵٵӦĺʱڳġ

ӽɢԺ󣬴￪ʼֲϲɳأճ
ҲͱҪ쳧ƬҲôΪճש
òϡΪ˾ͽȡģʹϽשҤ깤ƬӲճ
ؾͱĿӣשϵˣҲԽԽԽԽ

ճˣשҤͣˣһӴ嶫ͷͷȴ

ˮȻЩЩģЩǴֵġ
ΪǮȻִĹԵǰͩ
ЩҶ󣬷紵ʱɳɳ졣

ʮǰǴ廹ûͨ磬ϼȵһ
ǻˮŷߣ߳Է죬ˣͰ
ߣϴӣȻϰϯ˵˵˾˯ʲôʱ
ʲôʱؼҡ¹ϣʹ°ҹڳҲ˵


Сǲȥģڰȴǵáϴ
ɹɹȥÿСƤɹڵġеĺӻ㣬
һȥһ־ͻһ㡣ҲҲرץ㣬
׸㹳˺ü츸ײŸһֻùһΣͱ
ˡڳһֱڣͷҵͷҲûҵ㹳
㡣

еʱΪˮ٣ˮλ½ߵҲͻ¶
ǾͰЩڿץɫģҪÿ඼Ųһ²
ҵǣ廬ʹҲץסֻһᣬ
Ǿͻʧæһ죬Ҳֻץסһ

ѳֳ㣬ǳͱȻҲͲ
ȥϴץˡ֪㵽׻ûУֻǵһ
飬Ȱе㶼һ쵼ʱ
ҵһμô㡣쵼Ժˣ
һ

ٺ˶ȥˣԽԽ٣Ҳķˡװ
ȣ˼װ˿յȥ߳ҲûˣԭӲӲĹ
İڳӲݡ

Ѿǵһڳ߳ʲôʱ


ͬ

   ¡


뿪Ѿжʮ꣬Ȼÿ궼ȥҶԼļȻͣ
뿪ǰ

ĴӶϱխ嶫ʹɳ
˵ȥпˮ·Ǵ壬Ǵλãֱҡͷ˵Ǵ岻
дķչҲܳʲôԭ˵Σ
ͷβεѹס

Ϊ˹ɳСʱɳͬˡͬʵǲˣһֹľ
ûʲôɣڵϣ֮ԳΪΪĻԳԡÿ
µףͬ˾ͿʼһֱԳ·ݡСʱ򾭳ɳ棬
˾ժһЩͬ˳ԣġ

ͬ˵ĻͻĻ״ƣɫͬССȡܶ໨
һϣһС֦ϡĻǰ׵ģ
ԴһЩɫͬˡȡǰɫģԽȡڴɫɷ
졣ٲ˵ģǺĻڷҡҷ

ͬ˵ĻԣҺһͼóԡСʱÿ
죬ҼҶͬ˱ԣѧһûеŵζҲͲ
صҷǱ˼ڼ壬ͻ޵ʧ

˵ͬ58굽61ʱ˺ܶ˵Ǹʱﷲ
ܹѿĶˣͬ˺ͬĻҶƤ
꿪³˰ʮڣɳѾûɳӣͬ
ҲʧȥãΪ˿أͺʹٵͬˣȻ
ܶ˷ԣﻹĹеͬ˶Ƶ

ͬ˵¶˸ɵģǴеĴ˶ûг棬
ЩǼȴǺֵܿġǵһμĴ
˲ͬҺСǶϲȸԾǵҸһ
һ磬Ҿ͸ߵ쵼
Ϊͬˣ˭ڶкܶѾð˳Ĺ򣬵
ͬɳҲָ˸ˣͬ˵ļƻҲûġ

֪ʲôʱ˲ٳͬˣͬıúôͬ
Ѿټԭͬ˵ĵطŸָɳҲƽء
żĳЩܹͬˣģȫʧȥԭķ⡣

֪ڴС֪֪İͬ˿ԿĻ
ҼԶôͬˣĻ䣬ζ
ζ


˿¶ססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

۵ף 

   ǡ


ɽΡ롣
һԿұϣӡ֤һһ˵
֤Ľ죬ϡ

ģʱϣľʵһһïʢ
˺һ֤ˮļ顣
пʧꡣȣ־ɳǣƴһں
ʱʷ״̫ǻˣ̤ˮִֵ

װµļ䣬ʱ绯ܻؼ֣
е㾺ɣԼ̲
ɫȥϣ˶۳˶޴ǣ
̹īɽ

һ羰ηԲʡ
ֻ֣ʣ¹ͷֽţһЩʰ
һںԽǧأεý飬˼֡
֮УǧţزסޣԺʷ
 

                           


Ҷ̹ɫݡ
̿һƬϣ װ°յļ࣬װ³ǻΨװԼ
ֻʣ¹ͷ潭ǧŴ̡
Ǭƶһǻε£ʱ

Ŵ׵ĳϹһźģ
졢̡ơסɫƣϳһУһ£ɲɫ顣
סһĿ⡣
ƽˡ

ʱĺˮһӣ͸ǧŴ
ҶÿӼһ㣬׽ʷĴ
˫ۣټе޴ζܰˣһٿԽʱյʢ硣
貵Ļֻʫ¼һӵ˼


                          ԭ


һ֧ġʹ͸ʱգһﶤ鹡
Ƕ磬ÿһӶ޽
ˮİߵʲ죬
--˭ƾһεɽ

һλʫˣ飬ݳһīʡ
ľ췥ˮ̤Уһᣬ紵䣬γɡ졷ı㡣
ʷ棬͸һǧžĿ˭ĳ죿

ʷķһƬյĲƬڴ׵︡Ρɧ
ÿֶѰһ߳·ů˳

ҶΪۣһꡣ
ɽ㱧ڻǿʯһԾ䣬ʫһ˵ĳ

ɹţ

 
ɽ Ұ  ͤ




ɽɽĵ׺ͤɽĵ׺ͬʱͤҲ׺ů˼
¼ŵó̡

νͤ˵Ľ֡ԻͤߣͣҲҲ

Ȼ˵ͤǽڻ԰԰ֿͤ鿣Ҳ
Щ˾רΪԱĹԱ̡ȲͲ෹٩֮õ
еͤӣǵģ˵ͤǽҰɽ﹩·˱ꡢ
ͤӡ

ɽɽ·խɽˮСʱӡУ֮䣬
֮䣬֮䣬֮䣬붼ѡ᫵Сɽ·šÿ
˵벻ɽɽ·ģµȥϸ棬ȥϿ
ᣬȥ￴ȥڴ׷ѣߵĶ᫵ɽС

ԵٵʮһͤɽٵͤɽҰС
Ҳȱͤˡ

ɽҰСϵͤͨЩһΪƵĺ߾轨ġͤ
ªһĶǽ߿ͨ͸·ͨǽдͤǽ
̨̨ϻ̨Ͽͬʱʮ˻ʮˡһͤȫ
ͤĽɳʯľĺשΪṹɽڲ
ڣǰŴŵҪ֮ͤĽҲͨһ
Ȫˮͼࡢʵ󷽵ɽͤҪܾڷꡢ
׷ϸ׷νֻ׷ʵöѡȻ
·ͤͬʱҲڴ̨ͤķ羰һͤ
ҪǽҪڣôͤͻ˷衢Сʳʲô
ģΪ·ṩ㡣ˣͤиƣвͤ

һɽҰСϵͤȻʵСɣȴˡղ
ˣܣƽͷˣܣ̼ˣܣˣҲ
ܡ۰ҹ죬ͤŻӭֹ
ü۵͡ůǸο⡣

ͤһͤһ羰ͤһĻ

ɲǣ߽һ֣ͤᷢſпܼ
⣬ǽһǲȱֵģһЩƤµġˡľ̿
֮űʡͿѼԡ䣬ԣʫʡ
ЪʲôģеĻͼĲïȰЪϢģбʾʺģ
㷢黳ģǲġһ°׾ķǽһŴһ
ʫԷӱϿࡰͿѼƺֲܴڣ̺ĵ
ȴҲáȻͿѼҲһЩǴֲڵ׺Ͳ
ݾ͡ҰĿˡ

·ͤͤС弸磬ȼȪˮļлϸ
ƷЩͿĨͤķḻʵļʫһȤˣ
ƣҲ֮ȴھġ

ɽҰСϾɽҰСͬڳͨһɽ
ҰСߣ࣬˺ˮһ·ͨįΪġһ
Ƶɽߣһɽ·һɽʱ
ˣƣˣʱʲô룬˶ĿĵصǷݽκ
⣬ûʲôܱȵһͤȻسǰϲˡ

ˣһССͤһֻȵ֣һĲ裬һѾµ
ɡһ峺ȪԶ;ܰƧﲻ
Զлع飬ɫůᣬİУƣиһ仰ͤС
ʵԲˣ᲻ˡ

ɽһͤǻһӡɽһʫͤ
ʫһתС¼šԶãͤͱ

Ȼ׺ɣ湫·޽͵·ͨĸƣɽ·ˣ
ɽҰͤ;Ҳ֮ʽ΢ⲻ١һͦɽҰĽͦ
۵ɽϵͤòάޣҲѻķϻԭ
ջ·ˣԭĹȻһнԶķ羰
ͷһĨŨ򵭵ıӰ


    

ѩ


һ


糿ķ羰ͻÿһͿ鶼ΡƮڱˮֵĿ
⣬ʹ΢ĿײҲŷһƬԶһ
ЦһһɫʵϪ

ǣ ڰ˵羰ڣ£¶һһ
տյĻɫĿĵߡһֻӰͷɹһƬ׵
ҫ۵ëԺٶƮڰģ޸޻
Ҷʱ˿̵İġëģϸĵ
Ƥ˫ۡ





ڶһС˵ǡ˯δС˵ʼ
˼

ʲôأ壬һͰ׼Ƴ׷
ȴϳһ仨





Ǻѧвѧʦǳе
ԱһݣʫˡӸ߶ݣ۾󣬿˭һ
ȵӣһȻڱ

ڰ︸ĸһʧܵ,Ǯ޷ԼӲ
ΪԼһʧܵˣԼλΪɹˡνʧܣν
ɹʧɹ֮һĴָԣһ
Ĵָ

ҲУҲûУ˵Уʱоǣ˵
ޣʱоеʱԶʱ

ҪĴĴָٳû





һֱ˵롣롣룡ÿ˵һΣ
ݾһȭͷÿ˵һΣȦʪһ£ÿ˵һΣ
еԼһһһ顣һ
һΣ֮ҡڡ

ʹࡣʹʱ򣬰ʱ뵽ԼҪ˾ͺˡ
ǿµģǰھ̫̫һ쵽ͣԵ̫̫ʱ
ӡǸھ̫̫ﳣ뵽岻Ķһ¡

ڰԣӿµģഺʱ
顣





Ǹӵܡ˵ȫһļְͥҵùʡԼ
ҲһϺĴҽԺ¼ãջǻصسǣҽԺﵱһҽ
ҽԺԺҽԺΨһϲҽҽԺͬʱΪ
۵뷨

ĹۣҽС߰ˣ
ҽְҵΪˣȻ˱ٶȣͬĵ
һγ˴¹ʡ˶Ϣˡ

Ȼ϶ΪŮȴһֱΪԼŮƤ
Се󣬲ƤףĻ





Ǹȱ׷󸻹ĶˣԸСǵġӹ
һֱ롣ʵһֱСΪӹ
ȷе˵һֱƶӰʼձ࣬һ
ӣЦЦһӻѰԵ

˵ƺܿЦʽȴûʲôݣͬһ
飬ҳ棬ֻһҳ

죬۾һ£۾ֺһ£Ҫӡ
˵磬ɫôһɫԿףܹ򿪰
֮ʱ򣬱ӻһɰƣڰ
ɰˡ





ڸϰΡ׼оרҵѹһѾЩ
Ƶľ顶¥ΡӦʦǰ飬Сգ
ڴꡱֱ֡ӡûмʵϣ
ڳķ׵ľͰ淢ֵġ

ĸĸףնҽԺҽ벻
̫ܻǮˣƽϹӳԷȾƣΣư·һ
ֱסһ׼ʮǰҽԺ80ƽ׵ľɷУɷװ޻ⲿ
ʩԵúܺˡĸĸɻƵأ࣬ʵ
˽͸¶һС룬ָƯŮ޸Ϊ
ססҲ͸½пܡ





ʹȥҽԺҲ¡Ҳˣô죿ĸ
СΪӡģһʱ
裬һ˵һҪ۸һĺ
ӡ





иʼǱһ췭һҳдһ֣ɵʱ
ѾС

ɫ԰ף鱯ˣ˵ʹˣôˡ
˵ԼСװף˶ʱͬ

̸̸Сװ׺Ĺ£ǴĻ
ϲֵĹ£ֵ飬֪˸е顣ʵϡ¥Ρ
Ȿ飬￴˼ʮҳͿȥˡ


ʮ


ﳣ᲻ذؽбȽϣȻһԼδ

һ𣬷·ϵĴ󴬣ˮƽ羰ü
ƽƽ֮á

һ𣬷·ϵС˼ƺϡˮ°
㣬ؼǣðյ֮á

ǣϵĴЯΥըҩѾȼֻ
ô

ϵС¸Ҷ˳˰ü
ȵķ羰ֻô

Ŵθоѡļѡ        


ʮһ


ﵽؼҵĺլȥıóһ𣬱
ڲװ꾫ʩıͬһصĵһֱ
Ű˵໰˵ЩʲôԼ
ôشģһҲ벻һ飬һ
ĸ봩ǰµһģϣ޸ء


ʮ


ɽƽԭĽϲ뿪˵ǳĽϵƽԭ
·Ϲո䣬һƮŶζİ͹ƽС·ζţ
ʺζ͵ֵĻᷢС·ʹСҲŢ
С꣬·Ͼ߻ԽС·ʧ
ĳݴСС·ǰУᷢ·ԽԽͣɽӰԽԽ
,𽥣㻷ΧᷢԼȺɽ֮С

ɽȺɽ֮еֻʮ˼ҵĴׯ߰ǽķݵ׺
ɽݶƮ̡ɽΨһһҷ޵߹
淴ġ󺣡

޵ĺ棬һƬֻƵĵطжɫ߷ǵ
ķӣԴⷢԺⷿӻķѾãͱС
ͭĵط

ͭҪȥøľͰԱߵһɫĴˮ׵£ȡԿף
ߵɫ߷ǰǰ뿪ŵģͭԥһ£ͷһȻ
һֻƤë޵ϻŲϻתͷƺҲͭ˵ʱ
ʱ죬ͭ͵һ£һˣţͭһ
ëȻŭ             


ʮ


ɽҰﾭûĵطǡ⯡ҰҰҰ
ҰѼصԻԣϵ˴ֲ֮࣬ĵ۵Ƥ
ǸϼӸĸʱڣɽǸɽ֪ʶ
ĵطһֵԪңʹɽ壨ʱɽɽӣ
Զ

ɽ壬ԻǴѾˣŮԶ߸߷ɣ
ķݡɽѾҰҰҲټˣϻѾʮꡣͭ
ⷢϻ£ΪԻΪ֮˷ܵĴš

˰ǹӵ׼Ϸ߻ϻҷֵϻԡ

ɽϵҲˣϿһӡʶ㣬
ʱȥɹŲԭͶ˰ѧסҰ޵ľ
ǰһںݿǮϰʮԪԤһͷ
ϢϺǮϰϵּۻۡǮϰԸ۰ʮԪ
»

ܿġ

ʹ˵ãڳа˸ˣͭ
ԪңһһԪ֪ҽԺҽһ²ǧԪ
ԼôһӾһ򣬿ˡ

ӴᣬݶѸٵĶ¼Ƭߣݶһ
˿¼ƬߣݶĶһ㣬ͷ
һϻλãȻӷȥֱҡ£ӵĻ׼ȷ
סϻĲӣ͵һϻϱϻһŭ
һצ裬ûʲôãΪϻֻʣһȻԽӴˡ
һӵϣϻ

ܵ޵꣬Ǯϰ˸绰

СʱһӵĿͿɽ塣


ʮ


ӵĿнڿݵ·ϣ·ãߵģʻ
ǸͷĿ˾һ߿һһݳĿ˾˯


سǣͣһ·߷ſڡͷһݳı
ϽǳԵ˺ȵơ

Ͻˣ۾ŷͷһ˷ꡣʱѾ磬
á


ʮ


Ͻһˣƿƣкһ·ͷѼȺ
ѼЦظϽһƣҲԼһƣྴ
ƣһһϽԼ͵ûţȥϲתתȥ
ҲûҵϽңǰƺһţϽţ
ȭͷݺ˼ţִӿڴͳԿס۵һ¿ˣϽ
һŻë̺ë̺ҵϽ

ѼѾƺ꣬ϽûлصͳȥϽڿԿ
ѪģϽˡǿյġѼϽ绰


ʮ


ھСд˼΢ţɾˡд˼ţҲɾˡ
󣬰ӳȡһŰֽԲд˼仰
˵Լ϶ȥңҪһ
һгˡ


ʮ


ðڼϢӵĵ绰𴲰߰ļ
ʰһ¡ãֽӵ๤ĵ绰˵سǶŷ
һϻһ˾ҧˡ˵ŴҪغãҪš

Ͽ绰Էȴʼչػһ£ҵһѸͷ
Ѹͷڴڰ˼ţڰһֽֽһǰд
ʫ


ʮ


гͷЩ裬ЩҡΡ˼롣ʱһ
УȴְʱƺƵǵȴ²Ľ֣ʱ
ܵġߵĺӣһʱ䣬ȴһˮʱ䲻֪
ｫǷˮ

ңʱ䲻֪Ƿϡ

·Ͽһˡ



ʮ


·ߵСɽϣгֵϻֱһƬɫ
Ѿˡͷųȥϻת壬ѻ³
һ£ȻһоԼһ˳嵹û뵽
Ȼ˾޴оһʹһ˲䣬øͷҸ첲ҧһ
룬ҲмˣѪע

ϻûȤתѾ̱ڵϵİ
ţ飬þȫסϻĲӡ

ҵͷϻͿϻȣϻ˦
ЩбתԸȴϲѪİƴס
β͡

ߴҰһţ踫ͷͿϻͷϻŭһ
ڳ鴤¡


ʮ


ڴŴڵһСɽϵѪѪ
ѪѪ˺飬Ȼߣס
֡

ţ绰ɣҵֻҲˡ

ЦһЦЦȻѪڸǣȴǰδе
ҵֻûˡ

ҪԴˡҽɡ

ﱧס

еǰδеɡ趼ҽϵѪ֪Լ
Ѿ׶༪١еǰδеɣҪˣȴ˶
Զѵ


ʮһ


ºһģкǸСɽС

ҵһֽֽдż仰ĳ仨
ʲô⣿ȥ ĳ仨
ҲȷǷͨصζҵ㡣ҲȷΪ·
ʲôҲûУ˿˿Ʈŵģ˼ӡ

кֽڻС

Ϻ


Ǭסססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

         е

   ܡ 


йŴѧĴʻִֽͬġ
˫ͼΪܺõرֳһֶͳһ״
̬ȻִõһЩ򡣱磬ͼһƪѧõ
 1

Ĳﱾԣ硰ȡ
ʪŨȡԵĶͳһ
һܺõĹɣȷʵйŴǻ۵Ľᾧ 
ȷʱԿ֤ һΪǴսʱڣԪǰ770-221꣩
2

һȤ, ԵĹǲŴҲͬ
ڣ

еġ

йսʱͬʱϣѧҲԽ
ɣҲͬˡȡʪȸң
ʿ£Ԫǰ384-322꣩һЩʵĻԪϵ
ʺǵͳһһ 3

ʿ֮ǰ˶գԪǰ490-430꣩
йؼʣˮΪ֮Դ
һλ˰ͼԪǰ428-348꣩һΪ
ֻԪأӶ˹ϣġԪѧ˵

Ϊͼѧʿ¶ԡԪѧ˵˽һƺͲ䡣
һ棬Ԫغʵϵͼбʾ
ӦȺ͸ɣˮӦʪӦȺʪӦ͸ɡ

˰Ԫغϵʿ»Ԫѧ˵
䡣Ϊ˾߱ˮĸԪزҪ
Ԫأ̫񣩣˾ܸԡϣġ
Ԫѧ˵γ 4

˻йŴġѧ˵йŴγɵ
ѧ˵ľˮֻ֮
ԴȻйûԪءһеĵͬġ

й͹ϣڶһ֪ĸ߶ƲΪɺϣһ
ȻĽΪƵĻԪѧ˵йϣǳ
ڼÿһŴ

ھǧĹŴͱĻͳֹˮأ
ա磨Щ 5ڱйϣĹŰ
ΪˮʵҪ 6ڹϵӡ
Ҳ˺СˮġԪѧ˵7
λڡݼأҲˡˮռ䡱ġԪѧ˵
8
	
ԣ Сѧ˼벢йеģΪƵĶ
ڼŴͬڣչһ׶εıȻ

ΪŴѧľ裬Ȼֵ紫ͳҽѧ

йͳҽѧҽ ҽۻĺľǡѧ˵
9ҽۣԼٵԣӦ
١ƽ⣬֮ϵ˳ʱ彡֮


ôѧǲҲͬӰ쵽ǸԵĴͳҽѧأ

Ҳǿ϶ġ

ԹϣΪ͹ϣĴͳҽѧǡҺѧ˵ѧ˵
Դ磬ϣҽϣ Ԫǰ460-370꣩۽
ϵͳơΪϣʱеǡԪѧ˵ҽѧ۾ͺ
ġйءΪȻɣȻ
СġֱͣԪءҺѪ̵Ƶ֭ͺڵ֭
ʡֹܡֻ١Ӷһ
ֺг˳״̬ʱ˾ͻᱣֽ֮˾ͻ 10

ӦÿԿóϣйĴͳҽѧк֮ܶ
һ棬ʵԪضӦĳɷ֣йж࣬ϣ
ԪضҺһ棬߶гƽ⣬Ϊ治
гĽ

ʵϣҲһӡȵİҽѧϵγ
ʱϣйҪ磬ĺҲͬǿгƽ⣬Ҳ
ʵġԪءϵ 7

ԣصĴͳҽѧǵۻǴͬС졣

˵̸ۣϡôشͳҽѧǲҲͬ
أ

йҽϷɳĸ֣С ǹ۲첡˵
ɼƤ̦ɫ̬Ϊ˵Ϣѯ
ʲ˵ĲͲʷǼⲡ˵ۺϢҽ
ҽйؼ۸һϡ

ôŴĴͳҽѧϼνеأ

ǻԹϣҽѧΪڹϣͳҽѧϰ6
 11

1. ʷѯѯʲ˵֢״Ͳʷ
2. Ӿϣ黼ߵΪֹʷɫ۾١ָͷ
ȡ
3. ϣ鲡˵Լﲡ˵ز͸
4. ϣ黼ߵĺζԼκζ
5. ζϣ鲡˷ζżʹá
6. Һϣ鲡ųҺͷ㡣

ͨԱǿԷ֣ҽġСպöӦ˹ϣҽѧ
Ϸǰ㡣ϣҽйŴҽӲ³Կͣ
ζȥһҲȥϸ˵ĴС㡣

ŹĴͳҽѧϵĴ󲿷Ҳͬɺϣ
ӡȡءī磩ĴͳҽѧϷ
ᷢʵơָ߶ƵıԭǣڹŴصҽ
ֻʹǵ٣  ۾Ӿӣ䣨
죨ζ֣ȥӲȡϢȻЩϢݸԣ
Բ˵Ĳһϡ

ԣӶԼ˵صĴͳҽѧͬûʲôʵĲ
֮ͬΪڹŴҽֻԼٴӺȥϼ
Īˡ
ȻصĴͳҽѧۺϷƣôأ

йŴͳҽѧĶԼƵķſԷΪࣺ

һҩҲҪƷҽռԣ
ȡ顢ʵӦԵҩַͨ¡¡͡
¡塢ﵽβĿġһ˵ҩǷҲǶȻ
ĲϣҪֲաʹԭƶɡ

ڶƷĦġõü٣ȡЩƷ
йͳҽѧѨλԼһϵ

ǲҩƷʹһЩΪʽԲ˲
ӰԴﵽβĿģɿڡˮȡ

ôϣβأǼҪĹϣƷ 
12
1. ʳƷͨıʳƼ
2. ıʽ
3. ҩƷ ѡҩʱҪҩԣҪͼ
Ӧ
4. Ʒ ҪǰĦ
5. Ŷ ͨŻ¡ű㡢Ѫȣ
6. Ʒ

ͨȽйͳҽѧ͹ϣҽѧеƷҲᷢд󲿷ֶ
ơ綼ҩŶƷڶҩѡ϶
ҩԡȻҲЩ𣬱ľйеġ

йͳҽѧ͹ϣҽѧƷƣشͳҽѧƷ
Ҳ࣬õصȻҩ⸨Ʒ
ļ

˵˻˵ҩҵĴͳҽҩͬΪ
ҩһӣŵֵ
ء

ǵģϴҩأ԰˵ 13
ʵϣҩﲻһֱִҽѧͬҩʮ
ֻ֣Զ 14

ȻҩһôҺ͵ĴͳҩǲҲͬǽ
أ

ΪǵģΪĴͳҩҲѾȡһٶֱִ
ҽѧͬҩ (15)磬һӴͳҩȡҩɷ
򶨼ȣǵ¹1805ѻƬȡ (16)ظ
İ˾ƥ֣ˮᣩǷ˴Ƥȡģее
Դ׷ݵŰҽѧס˹ֽĸ塷(17)

ԣۡϷֶΣصĴͳҽѧʵǶ
ơԵĽǣŴص˵ƽࡣ
ԵıԭǣûִѧĹŴص˶ҽѧ֪
ޣ˲಻

Ҳˣ򵥵ذҽѧΪҽҽһ־֮ʽĴʵ
ǣйĴͳҽѧҽ紫ͳҽѧһ֣ʹͳҽѧ
Ӧģִҽѧҽ

Ȼҽֻ紫ͳҽѧһ֣봫ͳҽѧӦִҽѧ
ôִҽѧʲôأ

ִҽѧԴո˺ŷޣȻѧΪĹ
ϸоԼĲҩвѧϵͳоӶԿ
ѧķԼơ

ԴͳҽѧִҽѧһȽϣǻ֣ᷢϣȻͳ
ҽѧġгƽ⡱һںȻãԡģ壩Ԫѧ˵
ҽѧ۱ִҽѧΪѧһٶԪɵġ
ϣͳҽѧϵĺϵϷҽٸ֪ķȻ
΢ˮƽͷˮƽϱ룬ִҽѧܸΪ׼ȷϼ
ϣִҽѧƷ˶Ч͸õĿѧϵֻз
ϱ׼ƷŻᱻɣǴͳҽѧûеġ

ִҽѧƣںʹͳҽѧľкܿռϷ磬ҰѴͳ
ҽѧ˦

ڵִҽѧͳҽѧص״̬ܲͬ

ŷȷңͳҽѧѾΪƷԵӡ
ȺͷޣͳҽѧȻǳռҪԭΪյľ޷е
ִҽҩķáйЩ⣬ҽҲȻ൱ձ飬ⲻҪ
Ϊ޷еִҽҩķãǴҽЧҽα꣬
ҽαҽδҽμԲҽԲĹ۵
й൱С

йһȤ󣬺ܶвҽȻ
֧ҽЩ˵ҽʵһִͳĻҽѧȷ
ҽйͳĻһ֣ҲǺܺõһ֡ĻĻҽѧҽѧ
ΪĻĴͳģֵñȥȥĻŲ

ôΪҽѧĴͳҽѧأԡģ壩Ԫѧ˵Ϊ
ϵͳǴģǵĺˮƽϷҲѾִҽѧԽڴͳ
ҩҪǴغͰ˾ƥĽ
ΪҪǷغͰ˾ƥҩȥԻƻ
Ƥ

οף
1. Peter Kirkpatrick Turning Ying into Yang. Nature Reviews Drug 
Discovery volume 1, page 170 (2002)
2. ̷廪Ԭ ˵ũͬԴ. ѧ̳. 2011  1 
3. Lloyd, G. E. R. (1968), Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of 
His Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 166C169, ISBN 
978-0-521-09456-6
4. Lloyd, G. E. R. (1968). Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of 
his Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 133C139.
5. Rochberg, F. "A consideration of Babylonian astronomy within 
the historiography of science" . Studies in History and Philosophy of 
Science. 2002 33 (4): 661C684.
6. Asante, Molefi K. (2004). From Imhotep to Akhenaten: An 
Introduction to Egyptian
7. Yogini S. Jaiswal and Leonard L. Williams. A glimpse of 
Ayurveda C The forgotten history and principles of Indian traditional 
medicine. J Tradit Complement Med. 2016 Feb 28; 7(1): 50C53.
8. ᡶϸ˵ʷĻ
9. . ѧ˵ҽ۷չӰ졣 ѧ֤ 
20042 211ڡ
10. http://www.greekmedicine.net/b_p/Standards_of_Health.html
11. http://www.greekmedicine.net/diagnosis/diagnosis.html 
12. http://www.greekmedicine.net/therapies/therapies.html
13. Youyou Tu. The discovery of artemisinin (qinghaosu) and gifts 
from Chinese medicine. Nature Medicine volume 17, pp. 1217C1220 
(2011).
14. Yuan H, Ma Q, Ye L, Piao G. The Traditional Medicine and Modern 
Medicine from Natural Products. Molecules. 2016 Apr 29;21(5). pii: E559.
15. Fabricant DS, Farnsworth NR. The value of plants used in 
traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environ Health Perspect. 2001 
Mar;109 Suppl 1:69-75.
16. Hamilton G.R., Baskett T.F. In the arms of Morpheus the 
development of morphine for postoperative pain relief. Can. J. Anaesth. 
2000;47:367C374.
17. Desborough MJR, Keeling DM. The aspirin story - from willow to 
wonder drug.Br J Haematol. 2017 Jun;177(5):674-683.


ЧӦ֪ĸ׶

   ɳ


ܽһ˵֪һҪôĸ׶Σ
һ׶Σ֪Լ֪
ڶ׶Σ֪Լ֪
׶Σ֪Լ֪
Ľ׶Σ֪Լ֪

һ֪̣ǡDunning-Kruger EffectЧӦܽƣ
Խ֪˾Խšһ֪ʶԽԽ࣬Ļ½ͻٽ
ԺĻ֮ôһʼһ֪ʱô
šԽ֪ʶḻԽʶԼĲ㣬ҲԽܷ֡ѧϰ
ŵ㡣

Щ֪׶ҲǡÿԶӦЧӦߵĲֶͬΣɽ壨֪
Լ֪֮ȣ֪Լ֪֮£֪Լ֪ƽ
ȸԭ֪Լ֪

ЧӦһ֪ƫƫȿЩ͵˹߹
ԼˮƽҲЩߵ˹߹˵ˮƽһ
֣ڸ˴ضȺ֪ˮƽ

ǵʵУЧӦ˵޴ڣЩ
мڡѧϰȡ֮ţЩӸλΪ
ᾫӢĳɹʿ޷Լֳ֪ƫ

ԼڵľΪҾᵽԼ֪ˮƽԶԶû
Ϊô㡣Խ728յ84ղμȪʵҾٰ
Ա֢רֻᣬҵĲʦһηǳѵõѧϰᣬһ
ѧϰ飬ĸдԼѵʶԼȻ֪Լ
֪֮ȣĽ׶ΣҲ׻˵ʶˡˣ
족

ֻʶԼѧʶˮƽȫλ

ҵˮƽ⡣ȻҴСѧϰӢŨȤ
ҲڸӢ￼ȡòĳɼڲμӢﾺϲ
ϰĿǰѾһʱ䣬ʵϣֱ
оͽʦǽпｻر̽ѧʱҲ̵
ʶԼӢˮƽʵȻ൱͡ʶԾ˵ٱĳ
ŷĻĹӢ߼ʻ㣬Լȴѣǽ
ȻĽʱĻ׵رݻ١ԭ
мҶĻ˽Ⲣ룬ĻԭҲ
ʵʵ鵼ȱｻԭҲйӢѧʽ⣺
йѧڹڽѧģʽѧ⵼ｻĲ㣬
ӢѧϰĶ̰壬ѧڽĿｻʱô
ص﷨ʱ̬ҵĳѧ׶ΣӢĽѧ
ǿȴʵĽ׶ΣҪ˵һ׼ȷ
صҪĿ»ΪԼӪһʵáǿ
Ŀｻ

Ҹܵ˼ʽϵĲࡣڵĽӱ˵ʵ
˵Ӷ˼˼άѵǿǼ䡢
ѭĿϣõĻʦһãʦ
дαݣѧÿñʼǣʱʵֽ̲İҾ
ɹĿǰĹڽӼǿѧĶ˼ʵ
Ӧڽѧյѧ˼鵽
ãعѧ˼ʣʦѧƽֵ̽ĵλû
ʦޣѧʱҲɣʦǳƵ룬
졢ǰأйԼĴֱɣ˵
ϡƽñרԴ⻷ڣҲֵܳصѧѧϰ
ԣǽĴսЩѧʽϵĲ𣬿˴
йѧ֪ʶʵȱ˼άûд󵨱
ҡԵѧ֪ʶȴŴ󵨡
иıķԭ֮һ

ףȻѾˣҪľͲӦȥ
ԹԼܹĽ⣬ǲǸԼҽڡ̨£ܽ
Լٵ⣬ЩȱͲ㣬ײ˵⣬
衢ȱ˼άѵȱŵԭҪӦŬ˷
Щȱ벻㣬ѧϰոЧʡ߼ֵ˼ʽ

ʶҹƼչˮƽĲࡣòķھ
¡áƼĻȷȷʵֵ쾡£еĿƼ
ƼչĳĴҲεֻϣ
˹̹ѧSergiu PascaڣʵҴBrain organoid
Multiregion assembloid оչӡ̣ʵҾȻ
ܹʵյԴܸϸIPS cells֯뼡֯
Ŀӣ֯ѾܹԶ֯Ĵ̼ʵּƻ
СѧˡĳƺѾңԶԱϦǴѧMichael 
PlattھȻòһȻ죨Cayo SantiagoϵҰȺ
罻ΪĹ۲ʵ飬ʵģûмʵܹ
UCLAConnie KasariʵҿչJASPERƷԱ֢ͯĸԤѾȡ
൱Ч

ĿǰйѧȻЩѧѾŷǳ뷨
ʵˮƽҹƼչˮƽĲ࣬ǲŷ
һЩǳǰص̽ʵ飬Ҵʵֻᰴձ˴
ļȶ·һЩģԡ֤ʵ飬ȱԭԵʵ¼
˼·Ƽչĳ˲ˮƽϼǿ
˼ά˼άӣһ²Ǽ򵥵ṩʽ
Ƚ豸ƽġ

ڡ߶Ǻд֪Լ֪ʲôҲ֪Լ֪ʲ
ô֪ʶKnow what you know, and know what you don't 
know, this is the real knowledge.ص˽ĽǶȣӡ֪Լ
֪֪Լ֪ת䣬Ѿ֪ˮƽһԾ
ζѾ˵˼άģʽʼ϶˼ĵ·һԾ
˴Ϊǫɢתڷܣ򿪷ţҪӡ֪Լ
֪׵֪Լ֪ľ磬һ׶ҪΪѧϰ
ҪѾʶԼ֪ĸͨŬѧϰЩ
Լ֪ͨ˼˼άĹߣͨ۽
ԼøΪݣͨܽɣ֪Լ֪
磬֪Ȼ֪Ȼֱ󵽴֪Լ֪Ծ
ΣʼΪԼ֪ʵѾ̶ߵһȺˡ
˴֪Լ֪֪͡Լ֪ĸ׶ǰʵ飬
ǰѡ֪Լ֪ǰ棬ǿǶ֪ʶ뼼ܵĻȡ̣
ѡ֪Լ֪ǰ棬ǿǶʶۡ

ˣ֪ٽͣڡ桱ļα׶Σ
ڡ桱ļʵϽһﵽˡơ׷ֵ׶Ρڡơ
׶дһķգơı׼Ӧʲôʲôļֵֵ
ȥ׷أһԻش⣬һ׼Ӧ
ûģǾΪȫ桢ƽȡɡ־õķչ


2019.8.17

͡סססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

ףʮʮ壩

ȱޡ


                  ڶʮ¡


˶ ʹ㣺һҼԭƻéݷ
ġͣ ݷΪ߷Ǻ϶ӣҶԺ϶Ǵ޳ɣ
Ϊּ淡ΪּҷС

λеġСԡ֣֣ĴŮ
淡ũʱֻа˾꣬Сѧĸ׽еܡ 
ȻС ܵܽС ûѧͬһ
С

һս춷صĻʦǡ»
˵ææϡԣҲûҸû뵽ɽһӡ

ڶ꿪·Ÿɲʦسˣֵʦƶʦ
ũ֪ʶӣָܻͬѧҲáϹæˡ

һ緹ͬѧɢԺȴ深Сȥѧ
һλͬѧסȤ˵

еܣ°п룬飬㸣ãλͬѧ΢΢һЦ
Ժȥˡ

Ȼ°пűȰԴĺ롣ȷʵ
˫ڵӣ䵱΢Цʱرܱ˵۾
һ΢ЦİСƵģһ˫ɵƵĿ
㣬ʱ׼ȥ

ҲףСʱжףʹˡԣ΢Ц
رܱ˵Ŀ⣬Եõ͡

ũеͬѧҪؼңȻҲ⣬ּԶСͬѧؼ
Ҳûʲô£ѧУ˯Ҿǲؼҵѧ֮һܴ
Զ

һ죬еͬѧˣ˯㣬Ȼ⺰
緹ˣ

ϴʱеܣղ㺰ɶӣ

óˮϴɼתȥȴ쳣顣ֻ
˵㺰

ﴫˢңûûСģ

үţݶˣͦÿ糿Ҫ׸ţݣ
δϡ

˼ǴˣͺҪҲʧգ

緹ڳİϽСһٶôͰƽҲû
ԹȤͣ˵ζ緹㣬ɳɳ
׵ġ淹˳Եڶ٣ͷʣڶһΣ˵
·Ǻݫ񣬼Ϊʱֲò˳
ΪֱʹܳҴϱΪ
ɽǵϰףǲԷģп˵ʱֻվ
ųԡ֪Ϊղ𱸶ҹڻÿһηһۣ
תָֻ̬ʹЦֲЦֻװµɵӣһ
ܡϱ٣һ߻źΪʱҲ

һܰļͥ˴ӡ糿ҼΪǼ
ͥһԱ

϶ӺӶ Ϊ໥¼ѹȫ
ӹ淿顢顢¯⣬ũҵŮ
ٶһɻȻռڣܸĸҵ£ȫ
һߡʱҲб䶯δӻƣ
ӻƣӳȫȻͳȫӼи˻
ҵ

ﲢÿ춼лɣǿ󷭵أŮһ
áڳ ءҾּ

СѧҵˣҲˣܴӼ¹
ȴž˵䵱ԼҷƵĶбѣһ
ӵһ΢ЦͲһĪġ˵
ϲáֻ㣬һʮꡣ޷ò
ҵκ涼ֻŵġ֮ⱲӴûмĸŮӵ
۾Ư,ûмĸŮӵ촽촽ȻĴ߷

֪ҰˣҲ֪֪Ұˡ֪Բ
ףҪĻӽĻᶼûˣɽϰס
о㲻ȴһʥĲðҾ
ԣĿмǡʥŮǡɽҰľ顱Ů
ֻܺǻԾҳ˺ǻ⻹е¡ǣǡŮ
ǡ顱ҶϲԣֻĵءϢ߽飬
ȻȻҵĺøСұֻˡءϰס

ɽǳ
ϳԣϵˮ䦻̳
ҶǻǶ䣬ˣ

ǵģֻܵȴֻĵһߵһ߽顣
ģƩ磬һҾҵĹ棬ĹҲӴ
ʹǺĹƽУͬһо
һɸСӳʱҪżľʲôҾԤȸ֪ʲ
ôص㷥ľʲôʱƬ֦Ƭ֦ľǾǲĵĹ
ءľ»յͽܣСѽ顣
ʦ¾ǵ£ÿʱԱͥ
úɽǲġϢ죬ͥҪȥú
淺ͶҲҪȥС ӶǴĴ·ǽܴ
￲·ȻҲȥˡʹεǣҤǱúһ˿ҡ
ú˶࣬ǾҪᣬҤձúҤڣŮҲ
ǰȥʦң

ΣұȻҪʹߡˡͬȥ궼ҪΪͬȥ
Ĺװúң·ҪЩҤûƤûҤ
ѵǲʵǱǻûð취
£ֻԼֺԼҡߡ

Уʮú;Ъһؼҡ淺
Ů塢ʮн;ҲҪЪÿúܵǰЪ£
ȥһ̡ûҰÿζرһ΢Цȴǿ
΢Ц￴ԲġŮܲס

淼Ҹڻ˹ͬԪ䲻ãϰҸú
۸硢ɩһԳĶ˵ϵܣ񣩺ֻ
ģ

˼ɽϰǡָĪաΪҲƽ
ԿҸšЦЦκν͡

ΪĶδͬС׻˵ʩ
ܲ˸СϢٶȲڵĿݡȻɩ
Щ˶˵ˣ׷Ҳʲôˡһ
׷ΪҡҪĻͥ˻ô룿
ñϹۣԼĺá

һչ˱ȥҳ
ҳԷûУͬһԡ˵ԹˣʹԺ档

찵ˣգƤ۾ЦôСǣֻɡ
淴ݵĹӰ߳ˣͩҶθңԹ

Ѷᳶļķ

ҰηŽ¶˵ʵڻ

ɶʵڻ

֪֪ϲ㡣

Сòãܿ˿ͬ⣬Ҫϣ
ֻôս䣬һϢ,˵룬ǻǰѡͬ⡯
ȡˣ˼˵лɽǵġȡͬ⡱ָ顣ֲһ
䣺Һðúǣ

˸ү˵ĸ˵ûã

Լû

Ϊǳ˸ɣ

ҧһΣһһɴζСҷ
ǻҽȥֻ̲ݡ

ؼҺʵĸףĸ˵ֻ̰æ仧ڴ
ȻͬദҲ졣

ܿ˽ﲻиУҵɲүһ
˵ͬˡ

ɽǵġȡͬ⡱Ůжݣз͵׼ٷݡס
Ůзȥġסٷɢǣʱǲźáվ£
񡢳ϲơʱһסһǡڳѵĲ
ٽƣ򼸿⣬Ҳûø׼֮ǼͥûΪǡǣ
ũ塰񶨵ļӣҺڶˡ

ɽϰףȡͬһˣʲô£Ůľ͵
浽úͲ˵ˣĵú緹ϰǳ¡
Ȧţ޲Ҳڻ¡һҽױָľ
ľϣҪϴȥ͵Ķ͵⣬˵ʯԺӵţ
ԼİŮ͵ľϣȻͷͬ⡣ʵ͵ľҲ͵ʯԺ
סֵֵܣܵʯԺӶӣԭСӣĶӳ
ں϶ӺҲӸɲҪСֶŮױȻ㡰͵ 
Ǵ壬һһСһһľ鼯
Уӳͬ⣬Ҳֻȥ͵⡢͵ˡ

ʯԺһĺϴԺ񹵸һ˳ɽ󹵣λַڴ׼
֮İɽϣд񹵽׼ҹĴ··Ǻ߶ȼ
ߵƽСʯԺӵ50ϵ±ߣ
Ҳ6070ȼİ֣Ҳ󹵱ߡԺסа˻
˼ңĪӢС⣬༸ΪƶũԺȴûɢũ
ᣬ͵˵ǡִ̡ 

ҳԹ˾ӵңſʹҾͬ˯ʹ
ٹ󣬳иձҵɼǳãв⡣С
ҲͬҼСƣͬ˯һ䣬ĸסһ䡣⣬¥
¥塢вߡǰƽǽСţͬ¥ͨ

ŰҹɾͰͬѣ˵ˡ˳
ʯԺС·ǰУֺ͵ȥĻѣ͸տˣ
˵±˷֣ȴ˵ɽĸüɽĸɶ
ӣһ㿴λӡɽﻹ𡰹¡ 
Ҳ쳣ϵǣ˼Ҵͬѡ¾⣬һҹϮ
ʼˡֺϣһֻ2.5׳ϡǹ
ĿͿʼϣȽľƣȻ˳ơŸ
ңλҲŹҲ֮⣩ľƳ
ͬԲľ˳С·ؼҡʱѷҲ
ңͬԲľҲҡеľϺҶѷںܹ
ɼҵĺܹͦģǲڲأǻû£ͷֵ
ľϺҡﲻЦڶĹϷʵ̫Сƣ
ʱץ϶ץšǣʧߡԸ׷˾Ͳ
Ըˡ

ҽ»Բľľ壬㽫ľ̷
¥ϡҪ˼գľͻᱻ̻ѬɡѬڣʱ飬Ϻ
ʸڷϡˡ

׹磬ĸ״ͽ㡰š Ǳߵ
ҹǼĶۭȫ塣ҹ󣬼̸Ҳ
Ȼûѧȴ̻һũ졣Ż䣬̸
͸Ȣĸش񹵵ĸѧ䣬ҪСʮ꣬
淵߹ĸڡǷͣںɳ
˵һеضŹĸӴӱϽ¸鵽һж
ָӡ淵Ķλֳ˵һ곤ĸæزۡ

񹵰ͬ볡ֵƣǡһһȡ 
ϵȷˮԴǺߣֻҪÿİңʩʱ㽫
աֻĶġĶشʱǵ
ǷǣǵӻĸԼȥƷ
ƶүүʱסƷꡣʱﳤ꣬һƹȱ⣬
ҪһЬñһëȻҲϢգǾǡ족 
ˡ족 Իؼ ˵족ǵʱǿеһ
ɽϢգ ǰũÿյļУˡ족 ձϢ磺쳽
ӵȵȣÿ֮պʮ죬 ʱϪԴɽˡ
족 Ȼʵ̫æҲԡ͵ ֻҪûٱ
ũæʱҲԲ족 С̢첻ɡ ֮˵

ֻһ꣬ͲٰˣǵϸҲ
򹤡Ҳף᲻̫ƽǿ֮Ӯˡ
Ӯˣ˻ǡ 㡢Ⱦáʱл񹲺͹Ѿ
ʱյľޣϪԴЩԶɽ粢δԡй⡣һ
ϣһڼѧһġеܡĸ׷ѣ
̣ϵ͵ҲҪһԻûлؼҡʱȻ
С϶ ײˣϽһľϪԴľϹɽ
ﶼľ˨бסȻֽһľƽŵ£ڵһ
ľͷֱһľסڶأһͷֵƽǽϡ
϶ ýܵľײţڲϵײȻݣ
Ǻܶء ֻҪûײԼҵţֻĴڼѧ
ҲóȻŻؼҡ

ʱֽŵֺú¥ϣʱǲݷ߷ǽźĽ
ģݼ̴ʹ̴˳ȥڲݷݼϴ

϶Ӵ϶Ӵ

ӶŸ¦˼ˣײ¦ȡ
ǽϵǹװϻҩžͳϷһǹַ˵ڶǹŰѡ
 ˡ

ֺȻ֪϶˭Ǳرˣ˭֪˭
ף˭󵨡۾ӰӶͨҲֻǡܡǣ
ǲԸҽϾǵ˵飬˼ҲûСȥ
˽ԭ¦㶨ѻƬˣȥ
ӵ̹ݻӹ¦㶨ЩС桱 һʱ⣬㲻
ˡŷӥʳӲѱ߲ݡģ
ȴ˾£Ϊ˵һߡ

ƽĶۣͬżũȣҪһأΪû
ĻĪӢĴƥ⣬ԼͥΪСżɻţ
ľ⣬һһɡطջǣǮ͸˼ҳˣ
ҪؼҲҪţսΪˡͥȱ
ѣżɳԴȴܶƴز
ˣƲӡ ֮ƣţͥΪũѡ

ãĻʼˣ췴ɡǽԭӸ
֧ѺϽֽ̨ĸðǰϡɡƣ
ɲѺ̨վɺţ㶷ءҷѺ
̨Ҳվɺţ㶷

ӡԭǷ࣬ðĺ͡ûðģðÿ
Ҫ繫칫ҽѵûðÿ¾Ͳȥ硣ʱ
ûСð һֱʵߡδð ǣ췴
ɡǷ񡰴ðͨͨѺȥ㶷

үˣתǣҪ˻顣

ڶҳ淣淣ǵॸ죿Ұ
ϵģѡ񡣡

˵ॸ죡Ҫ

ɩָңү׵úܣ˵Ҫ
ûͭͷ!

ΪѾеףûж˵ʲô

Դү˻󣬾Ҳȥʲôˡǣʱչ
վȥšҺƤҲҪȥ淣ž̹
׼ǸļƵˣҳɽԻ
ʲô鶼û׼ĸԾЦдңʱ
һɰֻ淵ɫÿҲҡ

һϣͬ׼ĵ𾢣ȴ£˵ѹ
Ҵӣ

ķԸǡʥּڶҲòæȥӡ

˻룬ҲòǸŮļƣһҪˣһֲˣ
һһ˵㣬ĸԸΪͦЧ˵㣬
үðҵĸʹҵ   

׼Ӳʲôȴʮ£һ
ӡһӡһӡ֮ڲһʱҪľ
ױȫҴáˡһ룬ڸײͬ£
Ȼױ׼ˣͷॸ죡

ȻҳաʱΪױͬʱ˶Ҳ
׼̵ѹҲԽԽҵļˡȰҷҲԽԽ
֡ţǡࡱĶӣǡࡱŮͬ
βܳɻ顣һ꣬Ƕ꣬
ȥǸͷ׼ڣѲȥף

ڣһ˵淣Ұϵġ
Ȼתˡ

ԶȥıӰ룺ڱˣľѾˣ
ԷˡһϣڿϣҲûˡ
ûû˵ȥ˽ѵĺá뵽ǵĹȰαô
ۣĺδ޷ݣҲˣ˺һô˼
ȥûð취ֻöԼ˵ˣˣ˻˻飡

ɽǲĵĹأзɣʲô̸Ůɣ嶼㡣
з͵ŮƸŮԱͻзҲ裬
ԼءסҪĸת̣үȷӣҺȥ

үȻļƣ˻Ʋ˱룬Цӭɽ
νģúϺɢǣȴʼղͬҼ棬ݷҲ
ԡĩˣס㽻̹ĿүּʵݹһǮ˵
ױ󹤡վ˵ǿڣ混ϣҰ
ϲĸԸΪͻȻ߳һѾϹǮȥ
ƤЦ˵ҪҪİãתֽȥˡ

ΪΪôƣܵи˵ɣܸñʾһ
Ǹɣתһ룬ˡԭˣȻ
Ưĵزô̰ʮ㣬ֱ޳ܵԸӵĵز
ܿ?׶رµĿ³˹С㣬˺Ưȴĳĳ󲻳Ҳ
֪̰ȴʵҺû²ɣ

Դ˻飬ͻȻ˸ˣҸо󻹺ҵúܡ
ǰͽ󶼺棬Ͼʶмʮ꣨ϻӣÿҪ
ҼΣʱ䣬ÿתȥӲ˵һ仰벻׵ǣ
Ҳ֪ļ벻׵ǣЩɽҰ顱 Ȼ
飬׻˵²ڣַĿɳֱʹ⣬Ѳ
Ͳûûζ

ĸɰӣүΪŮν빤ũͥ
ҹǿϸӰڴˮģ׵ĹΨһӶ
ˣҲҲɷȷʵôǸʱ
Ĺ˻Թ˻빤ũͥΪѡ߲˶ӡɽ
ΣֻҪǺӹƽӵԸ¼ޡȻѡ˫ģ˼ң˼
ҲҪ㡣ɷǱһɽ˦ˣүȴ𱦱Ƶļ
νˡɷȻƶũҲ˵ƶũͲãǲũƶũͲ
ôˡϱҲԹسаȫҪͷӴ
˶ȥɷʱҼΣͷûҸߣƤ
ڻƣ۾ҪģҪСҼ꣬ͷȴס


ע
1	СԣС
2	 ȫŮٶһųʵ

3	ڳ ϪԴרĳͷխʯ
𻵳ͷ
4	ߡ ϪԴٵֳָ
5	šϪԴԡŮټޡٴν֮⡣
6	϶ ֽС϶ ϪԴɽ˵ĳƺ
7	ܡ ϪԴٵ֮⣻ܣָ
ѱ֮ˡܡ Ƿָҵڲݡ̹ݡĹݻ
ˡȻܡ Ҳв £רµˣҲм 
£µˡһŶۡƩ磬ƺ £
 £¡
8	ط ָأʱؿؾˡط
 һɵط еĻзݣұڳе͡



                 ڶʮ¡÷


һһʮ¶ʮˣ淳ˣҵʱʹ಻Ҳ
աڴ˼죬վȥ˫ɣǾʰ
ľߣһ߶á ϾǳԶšмǡ˵
ķѼǶ죬ֻҪȹġˮͲʱ
ڡУ˻˵ҵҪЭ
ϽǮ£ȻҪԶСҲʹ죬Ӧʣͬ
ÿϽһԪǮӳһ£ͳ족 գֻ
ʮ졣ҰѴ׺ʱȴһͷˮ˵쳣
ʡ 췴ɡϵʱҪ㡰䶷óȻп
⡣˵

ɶμӣʲô⣿

˵Ҿӡ ɶμСңɡ 
мɡ ˼һ˵㲻ΡӷĻɶҪҽΡ 㡢
 㣡

ȻģֲȥУİȥɽҰɽ
կ磬ܸòĻĴ°ɡǣȥԼֵ
»סС󰶣Ϻ漴ԭ칫ңסʱ򸾼һң
ºǡ塱 ũҵѧңѧ޽ʦѿ
£ũ»Сһ꣬ӵĸףҲ
áȻҲԸԶУûȤҲ⿪ʲô
ռ䣬ȻҪĻǣźӡ

һʦͽֻڽˡ˵˵
㻨Ǯ˵ɢɢġ

һ»Լң˵ͩʢһĻúܣЩľ
Ҿ߼硣ͩкüľһû꣬Ǽ
ͰѹˡҲΪʲôΣǶԸ
żҾߵŻȻ򣺿˼Ͼڡ硰ʵݡ㡣
ͽܵһҲǺ֪ģҺ̱á»
Ȼʦͽϵɽͬ׵ϰףƽʱֵƣ
̫ң˭ȥš顱ԣǲԼ˵ͦ
㡣

»̸סͩż䣬ҲӪկ档̱
ż㣬̸Ůżͷ磬ڵڸ
żҲ˶٣ũҵ߲ӣ˶ҵֻ
ˡŮڼֲׯڡ

ڹȴ磬ΪеĹ˼ͥסխСֻܹʳܹס
ޣľԼסɡԣ·Ѽס
Ȼںò

⣬ڹǻʳǹǮҪȴǿöࡣ
׷ʳӻˣũǳʲôʲôá淹ʦ
Ҫ߹ˡȻǴӲ۹ʳثģ˼ļ
죬ʮ£ԸˣҲøϽ
·ǳԼ׳ɵĹءǲɷϣǸ׷ʳ
ͳȷʵе

Ǯ棬ũͬ͸ܱˡʱũ壬޷ݻǻȢ
ױ뽳ˣǰռ㹤Ǯÿ֧һԪһԪǡϽ
ǻһԪ壬ʮ֣ʮΪһͶգԼöǣǹĥ
ѡɽӴֻ̯ĽǮһͶգӻǻ㣬
ԸŽҵÿǰһԪ֧ҶǰƼ֧
磺һ¹Ƚľҹʡٷʳ
ÿɶüǮ˫ӮͶ⡣ȻҲҪ㡰
ˣΪӲ֪Ǯһ죬ÿ԰ԪϽ塣
ԣֻҪպõĽ˶Ըߡ·

Ȼ·뷹Ҳôóԡľϲ·һ
ľ͵ľþľϡΪʱֹľ
л˵ûġһ͡СȻҲϺɼ
ģֻǲΪ˽飬ɽ͵͵ġǼҾʽ
ǹصġҾʽӱ³ۣϳˣ
˭Ը㣿ʱͲ˵ˣճһ糿𴲣ߵ
ʼˣʮ緹ֿ֧ʼ˼ҵ
õģߵĵƹ磬Ϣһֱҹʮ㡣
ǿ׳έ˵ƴЩũʽױƣճϢ
̫˹ľӦֹơ
ԣ͵ҾߵľǺܶࡣ

ʱðľߣҵľܲ˵Ѵﵽ¯࣬
ܼʲôʽļҾ߾ܴʲôʽļҾˡ

ǵͩĵһң˵͡һ족ͩӰԺķӳ
ʦոߣʮꡣ˵嶷ȥھӼѾõĳ
˵ʽߴֱԲûС㡱ľϣȻ깤ˡ
һԲǸߵ嶷ɫ¡˵ɷĽҴ
һ£˵ġǼǡ족׼ǹ˾ּɶʽ
ʽҾ߶йҾ˵嶷ãҲƯʽȴв
ɫҲ̫ԵʱʱʽҾߣͽΪʽν
ɫɫӺɫףᡣûӼˮÿͬ
ҵĽ飬嶷깤󣬹Ȼʽӱۡһ

˺ǵĻͽϡҵԸҺʤʲôļ
ܹͥкثҶí㾢ѻãӲ͵ϧ
˫龵ľ龷ܣľˢ¡ȻļҾ
ͻùǺˡ

żũһǿ󹤼Ȼɽֵż
ˡũ巿ݱȹö࣬ǵġ̯ӡȿڽأҲԺӣ
Ͻ죬ܺ粻ʱҴȴļһ
磬»Ժӡɱľͷһľϻīߣϣ
ȻһŮӵϸʹ̧ͷ

ʦ껹ȥĶ

ҾˣԭǶλ˵Ůվǰżˣ
һλһ˫峺ںڶķ΢ЦڶյĻӳԵ÷
ġλĶһʽɫһĽë£һʽɫװ㣬
һʽɫƤѥǸʱֵװͬǣżԲɫ
𪣻һλǵɫڶ賤βһ
𡰺ڹ·һĿʼռ̲ǰ
ҡͬʱҵķ˲ѪҺѪڡƯ
ŮӣҴ࿴۵̰ȻҲֱ˼ҿδ
ʧȣһǲεķʱһ߽ڡƵʡϵ
ľͷҵɵ࣬һҵĿȴɨȥÿҵĿ
ɨʱ۾Ҳڲ׽ҵĿ⡣ʻ˵
ʲô

żȴ˵񣬾ԲǵġǶ
˵ұ㣬һԺӡ·Ż˵ðɣ
һǾ͹

ҲмСȥ·һɹúڲ
Ҳȥӳ˵ָʾֻƶũŮĵ
˼ᡣ·ȻǮҲɡ

λȥ»ͳ˵ĸֵϣ

Ҵһۣ֪ģȴЦ
ô˭ȥˣ

ͷɱľȻ̧ͷƤЦ˵ҿǶ˼
ҲǶ㿴

ұߵī߱˵㲻رƯ𣿶İ
Ľ׷ҵʹȻȻ˵Ҫһ£
⡣

ҲŹܲ࣡ض졢ǣֻҪԸ⣬Ϊ
㳢˵ãţżúܣ˵ҪǸˣ
Ūˣ

Զԣ̿ľ壬ʼľ

һȥ÷ҵģͷȥһˣ˳㿴ϣǽ
ڣ˲ҵ⡣ĸܺƣ˷ǳ顣׽
F,ݸ߸üĿǵˣĳ֬仧
żˡǽϴ󣬵ܵܶУСѧȻе
ǵͰڵֻһ

Ҳǵ񣬴ʡӳ붼ҪΣΪ
׼߲˶ӵĹ޵ģҪôŮţǼû
ܣҪôŻס֮ǻڲ뱾ӡ߲˶ӵĹҲũҵ
ӵĹٵҪ˸ĸΪŮðױơǴ඼ԼǮ
뷿ðҾߣǰͰѾҲõƯƯ»жȤϰߣֻ
ҪױָľҪͬ￪Ц򰵵Ҫ̺þơ
ȻҪֺʦԲʦľܻ÷ʹ
һЩŮ˫ӳѽͥԣѽŮӶԻ
ѽȵ¡

ȻΪ÷ҾߣĿջˡ⿪
ڣݹϵʹݣ̽ʡֱ֮
ʼղ֪Ҳ֪ǴֹأǲþҪޡȴ΢Ц
һᡢѺá΢ЦԶһ˵ļϲ
΢ЦȻҲر΢Цˡ֪飬нġһ
żе֪ӳһǹԱʱӳ
Ȩְ񣬹ԱĽ׼Ͳˡǣʱȴʲô
ǣ淵ǰ֮ҲգҲգֹҶ
¶ҶˡҰˡ

ͩһʮչԵҹ˯糿һ
𴲣ʱҪԴҵ˯ͻȻˣ
Ӿϴκ룬رעعκ룻ɣҾ
رãʹľòΪҲҾ緹ˡ
ƺԼ𴲣Ȼûйཻԣֻ໥ɳƵĲк
ƺһĬĹưյʱҵġ١Ҳ
ػľҫƵһŹľһߺ𻶿ĸ衣ʱ
»ڴϺ

Ǽ飬Żеļ顣˵ļ飬һһֻһΣ
еڶΡҵĳѾ淣Ϊʲôͬ飿
޷͡ҵĳû߳ͱѹˣ˿Դڼŷ
ǰࣿʵ˵塣

Ϣ»³̡ȴһ̬֧ݲ
ǽϹһ澵Ǽ˼һЩİ˵Ƭһ
÷һλϵĹĺӰλŰɫ΢Ц·
ҹԶĶ¡ҾҪ֡
ƬȻϴһŸңڱԣʦ÷һ
Ԫ¡

ҵĻܿ꣬ȴҳΪɡ뿪ǰҺ˻
Ƥ˵ҽޣˬͬˡ˺󣬷ǹסխϲ
࣬Ҷҽޡ»ҪôϻؼȥźӡҪôסżҡ

ײôÿεҽޣҪһСƶ
Һȣ˵ԼҲɲҩƵҩƣרεˡ
ȻҲҪڴᣬڻ󣬽ܹЩʲôطȻһת
Щ˾ãÿ˯ġСʱѵáĩָ룬Ҫ
ŵҪȾǮģȻҪЩë

һ渶ĴֻܻԼΣǾμ
ȥɣҺγϸ⣬ȴøԼļͥ
Ҿͻ

ӰϣҶҪԼżȥӰ׼ȷ˵Ǹʦд
ǿӰڸʦʱҲ󱾵ˣ̽ʡҲֱԲ䣬
ԼļͥЦˣ˵ԭǹ˵ʶҸףȻҲ
׵Ľԭǰڹ̩ӰԺŵӰ͹ӳ׹˾
ά޲ά޹˵ûϰӣصķӳ̧£ѵ
Զ֡ҲʱΣֻҪ˵޵Ӱ϶еӰ
Ϊ޺ҪƬϵдҿӰ֮С»
Ӱ˵ɶӿͷȥǼϷƬ
ڻؼҿźӡ

ȴǳȤңȤĲǿӰṇ̀
жλŮȹõСʱʱ⡣ȻҲ
κһˣָӴҴСܵǡϵȡȻҲ
᲻ϰȾڹǰƷҵıܡż
ЦĽƵߣÿζҪԳЩһ
÷ʱӰ룬ͬʱĳΪʲôÿζ
٣ȴ˶ＷԱ˵ûˣȻ

ﰵЦѵ˾ͲӰˣϸһĥˣ
ͬҿӰǽģˡ

Ϊʲôˣ˯Ϻֿʼ˼ֻֿܣһ
Ѿ顣ǻסǣȴӲܾͬҿӰ
νͣҲҲ˼ҲȨ⡭

ҵ룬û˰˼飬˼Ҳû
ŵʲô˫ֻƾоȨκ˵׷ʲô
ʸԴ׻ǡҾ˼ȥշתߣϡͿ˯ˡ

һ죬ԼȥӪկ棬˵ýӪկӪկСѧ
֡Ҳ˵ӪկܼȢλܸϱԭҵãҲ
ӣȻͬ⣬ż˵

żҲӪկӣҶüҾӪկš һ
ȥüе¡

˵סͷš ÷Ҳڼңһ
ǡ

Ϊ޻»ԸԸһ˵

ȥôɶӣһʢ޶㶫

ǣһ˱·ˣʵżȥӪկԶżҴԺ
ɽ£꣬Ӫկһ·¶ѡż
ƺ֪Ȥ˵·죬һһǰΪǴ·Һ÷ǡ
£󡱣 ʱͣ¼װɽʵ͵ա

ͷĴֻԼһˣ·Ϻʽһһ룬
һδؿͬУż㣬Ҳ˶ĿȻʱ˱
ĻᣬȴһҶ׻׻룺㲻ܿԽһһҪ
һ桢һͬˣĻᶼˣӦ㣬ĸ
ĸδػͬ⣻淲ҲӦյĽ׼
Ѱɡࡱ ֻǡիġ µġ 
ͬˣˣǿԣ롣һԤıУ
Ķʮӣȴ÷ϻ黰װˡ

ܹȻڼϢִŮţȻӴõĿ
һ򲻴λŮĻ׹ߵ

һ飬֯ë£֯ë߱ģȻͬ
⡣

ǿʼżҾˣľ»ϵģ
ҹ˻أǱߵĻһ꣬ǾʹϹˡľȫϺ
ɼľľرɡżĸҲͽܽС塱
Ӳߣͷһ黨׵ɽ塢ÿ
Цеתתȥһ߰һ߰ǵСæ

һ죬ľȻλԺӣ˵Ҫ
㸸˽塱æλͬ־ݣǾ̡ǵ衣
ǵȻȥ֣ǵ̸ȴšʻĴǣ
˵żҵĶǵŮĳҪˣ޴¡塱
ǺεϵһھͻؾֻӴǼͥƶũϻ
˯Ҫѽ

ż㽲δŵĴɩǳ񣬵˽ֵŮΡŮ
ηҪŻ¡ݻ١ԾԽֵ򲿶ȥš塱
ȻҪȫ֡߾˺󣬾ҹȥ׼Ҽ
ҪҲҪȫӵǰ̡

ȻŮǺεͨͷ¸ˣڶͼһŮЦе
һСŮˡŮܣ˵ǡ
ǧҵֶŮǾϼ󳤿
ȥҿ԰ɩȥվִڡ

Ҳس棺˲ڼңѲɹף־
ټ֣羲ģϷϷˡ

һᣬżԱߣһ߿ľһ˵
ϣûҵʹڼˣɶӹ˭ϡĹ
ҳ߸١ͱʣǣԭȵĴɩÿ

ÿˣ˼ܸɵúܣֻ·ֻ廨

ҵĻһ꣬ǾͻӣԺûԲ֪
µĽ֡ã»ͻ˵ӳǲҪٽӻˣ
ȥˡȷʵҲ̫ˡʮϵġǰֽ
⣬СļʺѾȥʮ죬Ѿǣţϼܵˮߣ
ʱӦûȥæˡ

ȻҸ÷Ӧи𣬵ʱԶѾ䲻ˡֻ
ǵ֯ë߱ĺܺÿܺʵͼǣֿ֯
ֱ·ֿ֯Ĳ֪ʲô·˵Са껨

صȻģǾ䡰ϻ˯ҪѽĻ
Ժصȴ˼ڡ· 򹤡˵ɺï
صλϸľüõľũ ũ
ߣؼҡũ Ǽ£ҪȻҲжλ֪
֪׵ʦȥũ ڸͬǺϤ븸׳Ҽ
Э̣ȥũ ľʱҾʱ
ȥżˣˣ÷ĸǰҡۡҲˡⲻ֪λʦ
к·һλһӡ桱 ˸׵ʱǵõ
Ͽɣľǲ뿪ġ

һƲɣһơһθʣӹвԣһ
רΪũӳѡԯԩ棬λľýˮ˵ĳѡԯ
ճϣľλľҶʶǹˡΪ
ϵӹθ븸ȥҶЭ̣Ƿһ
ľԭ뽭ˣΪ֧Ԯͩӹ磬ȴũ
壬ַϪԴｨ磬˻Э̣㽫źǨ
ǰӡȻӹʱҲӿڣЭ̲
⡣

ΪֻҪǵλˣӲŷˣƩ磬ס
͹˾ˮեͷʱͬɳڸ͹˾եͣ
ÿֻ˽Ǯȫͬ⡣ȻΪեվϰ࣬
ÿϽǮȻ˽Ǽ㣨ÿ³ĸ죩Ȼȫ
÷ʽȫ۹

㹤ֻũвͬˡҵĿ
صʱֻܳڵλҵɣڡ·

Ȼҵգƶλľûлɡ


ע
1ˮ ָضȪˮˮˮ
2· ϪԴɽָͩʡʢһΪ· Ȼ
뽭Ҳǡ·


              ڶʮ¡¦


ͩȻæ޶֮¡һ
°ؼңĸң

̸ֵ̿¦ԸԸ⣿ĸѿ
ңǵҼҲʣг̽һ¿´
˼ĸףͰýˣתĸףԲǰ


Ҵ𣺡˼ԸԸӴ

ĸ˵ĸԼġ

ǰЩ޶ӵ£ΪɽĿеľʦ
Ƕ֪׷淡ζ顢үλڻ顣
ͬ¦ү޶ߵһ޶˶Ҫ޶ɽϰ
ģھָүĲǣ۹ⲻУôܸɵŮ
ˣϧ¦ү¦㶨ƶũȥ˵¦ĵ
ȥĸ״øļ޸ͬݵ˶ڶ
ڶŮδֽ꣬ȥ޷ݡȦù͹
ˣԿңȻվߡҽӹ⣬˵
Ϊ𣿾Բᣡ᲻Զ
ҪչչҪ˲ţҪָ˲ţʾҸ׽õƽ


ҷͨۡʱֱˤɹţšԶ
ȴʮȻдֲ

Ҳҡۡġƻ󡱣ؼҺ޼ͨȨ⣬˽
ŮĸסľĸסǶݴʣֱ˵ĳĳ
ɽ磬зŮףŮзëԼ˵
ʷǰ

аҲܻشǰͬλŮӵĽ㰮Ϊ
ʲôҶȥǶȥͩҲ
ԭɣҲò±˼⡣ʵʵҵҪ󲢲ߣ
ʲôǰ̸˵ѽɽ˽ѽɽˮ׷ҸѽҾ
Щһݳޡֻ룬һżˣֻҪΪŮ
ŮΪ˴ڽӴΪȻһݳޡֻ룬
ҵϲϡ˥ʱ˰ҼᲿָˡˣ
˵ݸһ뷹ԡҵʱԸˡ

˵ӴⱲӷȢš

ĸۿʪˣ˵Ǻã´˵ˣͬ⣬øס
ͬһ·ȥ档

־ҼҺӶţ¦㶨ķַ濿볡
ְ֮˳ɽ󹵣һҲ֡¦үȥ
ľ塢ɽľ϶ɹǵһҴľ裬¦ء
󷹣ûн˵һ仰

£󣬳´Ƚ˼ýרҾ׼Ҷ̣
¦ȴһվǰ˵磬Ȳ衣ĸĸͬգ
и硣

òҸæվӲ룬ȴ˰ءƺͷպ
ɽĵһŦƽһëѾͷһ京ŵĻ
١Ҹô죿ûȻȥֻ´ĲࡢЦ
ǵĻ¾Цȷ곤ꡣ

һ궬죬Ĵӳľľױ
ҶǽڣҶǻؼҹҹԱд㶫򿴻˯
ԹЩ٣ҲؼˣͬӳڻñġʱͻȻ
С֪࣬Ѷú󣬾ӳǣ
סһġ֪ͷ۸ͬͷһ㹤Ǯ
ͷ˵ϽӣµǮȴ˶ˡأͷ
˵֪ãʾҪлᶷʱӹ涨Աũ
㹤ǮϽɼ⣬Աɡ٣
вͬӲȫա

ӳֱȰĪҪˣʺһ
ᣬӳͬЪ

µ磬ҪС塢ꡣͷи磬и
ܵܺãʷ⣬ȥĸģĸ
ûʽڽֵ֯ġԾȡʯʯӡСû飬
ǰѾĸס紸ʯˡ㡰ͬɣﲻ֪
Ͳ˶ͬ顣

ʵ˵֪һƲһԭ
İòӲΪǽסΪ
ũߡҼҵסƾԼҵͬ˻޽ġһԭ
ûũ徭ѵ0һ꣬ûгԹƤݸ
ûоһ汲ûֹׯڵļͥڷ»
·ļʲôũҲʲôũҲԣҿ
ͬ飬Ҳͬѡǽѧľ
Ժ¡

ĸɳӸˣĸ׹磬ȥϪѧգ
ƤЬߵݸһԪͬĸ׾ͿǿԪ
ӶϪﻹһԪֵݻ硣Һʣ
ĸ˳ʲôĸЦˣѽҪɶӣ֪ɳӸھ
УԶĸÿôһˡԹû
ô⣬ѧͽȴܿҵҲȢɩӣ
Ҳ̳ˡȼ޸˴ϪԴ磩Ķӣûˣ
ɷͺ˺ȥˡӰӵ¦ӣý
˵ϣò⣬ɳӸ˵ȶԸ˵磬ǸҪ
Ҷʮ꣬Ҳɵĸ𣺡ҹӴû÷
ңֶĸ˵ĸǸҪҶʮ꣬Ҳɵĸĸ
𣺡ҹӴû÷ҵң޷룬ֻáš
˸ʱһİ

¦δı档ĸӦýʱ
ŮĸӦýĸҲҴֻСꡣö
ܸɣĻ֪ʶһθͬ˻δ飬
㼫򶨣ȡġڡ ֽУèڣװϻҩ
ž͵һڡֵһڣͰˡ

Ȣ¦˵ı⣬ĸףţ˭飿
ȢǲТȢǡȢӰһҲ¦ҵģ
ĸɼҵģɼΪŮ޴¦ң¦Ź
黹ɼҡ

ӡҳ꣨19241925꣩Ǽȥͩ㷴ףүү
˺þȥˡʱȻ¦Ȣĸͥĸ
ﻧͥû˳зģһλĸף
УǸøɶøɶԣĸǰ¦˿һιţ
ĸĶƤҲ׾Ϊ¦һӡĸĶƤҲ
ҲһӡʱľɼͥſԲ⣬˶Ҫ
ܼĻһ˳ſԳ԰׷ÿͷСװ׷淹
⣬˾淹ĸĹҪǸιţȴСѧ
ʡ ϪԴӰӾɳӸߡ˹ȻǾ
˸ݻɳӸһأұﻹҪװһȥТ
ĸס̢ȼҲ̢ңʣһȣ
һ翸ߡ룬ܸɵһλĸףŮֹô

źǼͥܳŵ黹ɼأԼҲصˡ
ʱиСԼһͬȥͩúҸúϹ
ԼȨˣûӦʣ˶ԲˣҲĶºӿ
ǻÿÿ£¦Թĸɵ˲޸ԸСš
˵ĸˣļ𣿡ॸûأ
ҪˣҿЦˣֻ֪Ļʶ˵ͬ˵
壡

һ¦ȥһ¸ȥȥǰ
ѷֳңĸԼĶӹλ޵ĽҲչǣ
״ĸӹǼʳô򷹳ԣֲּҶνˡȥ
ʮ꣬꣬룬ĵδһ꣬ճСĸ
ϰ࣬ѧڼտܵܡһĸϰ࣬
ڻ˳ԡĸ׻󣬾ʣǻûгԣ
𣺡ûΣأԭһӲġһȥ
Ӳġ

ȡĸˡ

׻˵ֻйУûйŮȻҲСߡ˵
ˡ¦㶨ĸҲֻٴΡš
ǼͥӴӣзӣԣļǼͥ
δǨֻĸĵܵĻǨҶӡ¦Ҳʼһ꼶ڼҿ
ܵܡȻһѧδ˿ա˶·ֻѧڼ󷹡
ιܵܡĸܵܣרְ󷹡ι
ݣܵܡֱСĵܵܿʼѧͬϰ࣬
ԡסˡ

׺˵Ҫͬ¦񶩻飬͹룺̸̿Сģ
ǲɣ㺰춼ɣǱߣʮĴ
úܣҸ̸ͬ顢˻ȫ֪Ҳ
ʶ淡¦ЩũŮϾҶӵϡ
үڻʱ˵곤үҪʮ꣬Ҳų
룩ҪӸ桱

ʵʱ¦ʮ꣬ҲӪԭСų
Ҳ鲻Сõı⣬Ƿĸס
˲ҲǷĸأʱñժңȻǰˡ

ǣˡס׺ȥëݷáүүס
ҡ׺ֵ۰֣¡ǰ糤ѱѹС
ŮաȻķĿ޳β续ʹ
βƣ˵˫⡣۰ּǾɼңһӣ
ȻŵùԽҴȥĲϣǳ緹ˣĸס
ǼͥҲͬҷסģҲи硢㣬ͥ
ɳͳʡӣѻ飬Ҳѧľɣͬ׺תʱ
ӣǰȥкۿԸСͷ
ΣɫˣҲǳϸľټ
֮ʡ

ǻãͬɩطãĿǿҵļͥʶҸĸס
ɩФдˣ˸̵СɩӺܾȻǱˣ
Ҳ֪Ҹ׼Ǽͥǹɩȥ

Ȼúյһż˻ĲϣŵĴ˵׮
粻ʣĸŮΥֵԸȥ
нĩβʫһ
㲻󣬸ƼѶѷ
¹𻨿أ»ڻΡ
˵ʶԵ֣뻰ԭɣ
ȰĪѧҲ

δüʫȴüˣȻѡιҪ
ëιҪطãȻʵʫǶݴǡ

׺ָңʦľͤʦ
ڵҪɣҪ÷׸ʦܡ˵ʲôأܸ
۾˾ô׷ѡҵ׷ѡ񣬸и˵
Ե֣޿ָֻףԸ³ɣ

ʱһ룬ļʱ˶϶Ǽ£˵ĻʱҲһԵ
֡

׻Ҫ˲֪ǼĪΪҵġ塱Ѵĸ
Ҹû롰븾Ϊ˵Ʒ⣬С£ǣһֻ
ȶıʷ̣صļҺģ˵˵ĵ
ڤڤ֮йôװˣһһķ˼䣬аͬȣ
ǧߣ޹ҵĻԭ¦ǰ
ԵԭǵɵСҪ˼䡣

һչĸ׶ҽȥ˵㣬
Ӵɣ¦㡣

һ˵ʲôأֻˡ

ҼݵŵĴ·ǴӡԼϷɽɽºӸϹı
֮·һ˳·ңǴӷӳӰص
ɹӡʲôƬ˵ûӳƬڶĻĿ
ũʱҹٸ߳ӰӶһףҳԹȥˡ
ǣ£ӳһ֪ԾӳεϷƬҲóȻ
ҹȶˣϷƬĳЩҲ

ũŵӰӳǺܳ١ʱһһȺİе
ΧŷӳԱԡҲ֣һɹӱתΡһ
˵ʦ㿴Ǳߵ¦Ұ

ºӸϹ磬ҶԼĻ£¦ȴδҵ
ѡ ֹôһ
áȻȴһ뿪˵ƹµĹȺ
һͬϤһ˫̱裬ӯĲδ£ͣ
ϳҡȾʶδ˵໥Ҳûдк
ȴ˵

¦Ұ㵱ܣ

ȥģһŤ߿

æ˵¦ʦ̸仰

һֻݵȸת̸ɶӻл̸߿

æ˵ѽӴ˼Ұʱ

վ˵ƬɶӿͷߣҼȥ̸Ұ
д

סɹӲԶո͵ˡһΪ֪޵ķֳɵ
ǽƽķŻšǽϵú͵ƣ
һĴľ⣬ԾΪһһһ
ʡֺǽɽǽţպľֱǡһС
濪С봰Զĸǽɽǽװ˫С񣬼ڸ
ðͷڴ£ó̺͹ӣ˵
¦ӣʦ̡

Ҳϰֽ̣ȡҶһֲʱ͵۾
ûĸ۾ƯȴĸףΣͦ΢Цʱ촽
Ϊ忴Ǹδϸüϸ۵ġϸϸԵС
һ˫ڵӣʱС¹Ƶľɡ룬֪Ҫ
ǡΪǰһŷӾĵģһ䡣

ô֪ʣһˣ

ҵĻԭȻȴӿ˵ޣʣûɽ
ޣ


ѵͽ̸˵ʱգҶ̸һҲǲˡҲ
̸˺ܶ໰Ұ鱾еﶼˣҲʲôҲû̸
˫໥˽⣬ö̸ǲ֪ˡĿĴҲ
ˡʱпǽֻ󣬱˳˵и
ӡ

ĵӴŵĴߣһ߰£һִ߽
ҼϡѽĬ׷ӡ

֪ʲôʱѾȥҲѱˣѰĿ
ֻʣҺǳ˵ģԵˡôҼ缡ĩ
ԸоԵħ𣬵ֹȫ໨
0.1ʱ䡣ͬʱҵٵ˼ޣ˿ôһ
綼ֻˡˡ

ʱĽͨܲ㣬ܸ¡ӵʢòСͬ
ȥëȻֻܲУжҪҪŮˡ
ˣȻˣŮ˲̫ʵͬ󣬲Ȼ
˵ɵӡ

˿ʧȥǣ˳һͽ§ûŪô£
ҵ촽ϺҴҴϵĵƣһ˫־ںڰ
ҰغֱȻҵ˫ִʱͻȻһǿӲ
ҶĤ

Ҫɶӣ

ҵɿˣͻȻжϵĻеۣˡʹ׹
ŭ֮ڡ

ѵƵϣ

𡪡أ

̵Ļأ

΢ְѵƵվڴߵƺæѻƤ۵
˫ַ¡

ॸģ

ŭ΢˿Ц⣬æҲЦ˵û


ĸЦҲţˣ

Ҹæ¦񡭡ĪæߣҲˡҽ
͡

񲻻֮ҵΪõĽͣȻȴ
Ϳ׽Բ㣬Ҷ㣬ûֻ
أֻԶԶһľϡ

ʵǽȷʵû֮뿪Ǿò
м䲻öѡ˵ô֪׷أһ˵
ȫһɺϡȻ˵ĹִȴǲʵΪݵģĽ죬
ֻҪһ׮£ԾҪ˵ûаġ

ȻΨ֤ͳһɡ뻵Ӧͬʱ桪Ҳʧ
Ϊ;еһû䡣ǻʱȻ˫ʱ
ἰǴΣûУĻرƨ˺ݺһš
֪һšǰҹͳȻ֮˵ǰķĹ
ҹͳĻʱ෴ΪǵİƺŸոտʼǣڰ
ȴʲôҲǣʱΪ˵õҲἰӳˣͲ
ÿˡһʾһһָǼ¡
ȻĻرʱǽĵһۣʱҧ촽΢Цһƣ
ʱݺһšʱüͷߵһաʱ䡢ص㡢ϡ



ע
1,ڡֽèڣŶ߶೤ھһһ룬ľܣ
ڵСèͲݻˮӲľͲһͷһͷϸ
װҩڣǹǿ
2㷴19241925塢ǭһּģ𣬡㷴
Ƕ㼢ũǼꡢҳ꣬мҳ֮˵
3,Ĭ췽ԡΪ֮


δ


ڱ༭Ӧ
Уԣ
󡡸壺ʡӡƽ˼¡̫Ӧҡ硢
֧֣塢٣졢
ϵˣӣsmfang@yahoo.com
Ͷַeditors@xys.orgxinyusi@yahoo.com
У˿磨New Threads Chinese Cultural Society
ʿţɣӣӣΡ
Ȩ˿У°ȨУת뱾ϵ
桡http://www.xys.org
http://newxys.com
ġ˿¿ŵxys_gb-subscribe@yahoogroups.com
˿վµϣŵxys-subscribe@yahoogroups.com
ġ˿֮ѡŵxys_friends-subscribe@yahoogroups.com
