                           ˿µϣ20170715գ

17.7.13-14ûи
17.07.15, ˿20177º
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ţGoodhelperΡ˵Ļƺӡܺ꣺׳衱ÿʵ㣬𶯲ͷ
˿¶ξۣʫ ܣСѩѰ½˼ϰ
Ǭܣŵѧ
͡ 壺ģ򣩡άң⡢Ӧ塢Ƽ۾Ե



ԡԡԡ¡ԡԡ˿ԡԡԡ
Σţסԣȣңţģӣ

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ĿʿѺӱҿʿЦ˵Сһͷܴ󰥡
СһӴ˾ͱˡͷͷ

һʹͷؼˡһʹͷе˻źͰšǸ
еĵܵڽ˼̹һǮΪͷ˸ܡ

һһпգͱͷܺͷ

һʱ䣬ͷʼѧˣẰְˡֹһʱ䣬
ͷдˡ

һ죬ͷһָ£дְֺ֣á

ͷոչͻд֣һҸӡһŻд֣
СѧŻд֡ǴͷոչͻдˣһΪͷ
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ҳаһƬɽҲȥҽˡ

ǵȣһ˸СһЩӺ̶һ
Ҫ̶ͷȣͷô󣬻ûкȹ̶ءһ
ͷɳ˯һ˳һӳʱ򣬴
ͷɳˡһ¥¥˸飬ȥͷүү̼˸飬
ûҵͷ

һ죬ɽæءһҵңҼˣҺһһҴͷ
˵и߸ŮӣԳһı㣬ŴͷŴС·
ˡųС·ҺһС·ͷ
һˮ·Һһˮ·ͷ
318Ǹߴͷĸ߸ŮӣҲ򶫡Һһ
ˣһˡһӻ绰˾

صңҺһҪȥұҪһһңһͬ⣬
Ҫ˷ֿңһһ򶫣Ծҵͷ

ͷˣҰְ輱ģλ˶ˡڴ򹤵
ܵ˵ͷˣͣظ˻ܴܵǧԪҡ

һѲС̶һ飬һҺһ룬ʣ
һȻڲСһװĲСһѰɫ׷
һϴʵҪ·Ҫҵͷôͷúúһ
̶Ҿһҵͷ̫㣬ҾһǲΪĹȾ
еҡҲһ˵һ㡣ҸһҪ̶˾
Ҫôͷˣͷѽһҵ˵ͷһ£һ
ͷˡ

һıӰԽԽԶʧˡ

һ򶫣

һºһص˼ңǼûһҲûдͷҲûһš
ҵְס߷ȥˡְԭѾһͷȫˣ
ְֿһԲ·Ҳڡְֿ֪ܻմ֢
ΡΡҵҸо޵˼Ͱһֱ
ְĵܵ˵۾ѾϹˡǰ۾Ϲ
ţ۾ȫ۾Ϲˡ

һ겻ᣬֻһҵһʹͷ

Ϲһʮа˾ű˹ˡ

һҵţôôܸɣᱻ˹Ҳţҵ
Ҳšǣһҵţﰡ

Ҫȥһʹͷ

ҵְȥǸҸְ߰ܵܣҪȥһʹ
ͷҲһʹͷҲؼҡְһͷԸܵչ
ðְ衣

˰ְܵܣȥĸȥĸסĹᡣ
ûпƣλһһӣԡĸҽݣ
ǿ˵ơҿᡣһЩطɫЩ׵ɫ
ɽװĸһٵطж˵ëߵĺë¡˵Ҫȥһʹͷ
ĸȥóһҷҵϣҲҪ

ĸӲˣһΨһŮΨһŮǮһ
ҪգһʹͷһҪҵ档λ˿һͷ
Ǯķڲ豭档

ҿʼķ

·;ϣҸɹ๤ڽصСڲ͹ϴ룬Ƥ
Ь档ǼãǮȥշƷ
ϲúշƷΪʱŪɱֽһЩɱ
ֽٰЩֵߡҪ֪ҶܶŶʱ
һ񵽻õԲʺǦʣҾھɱֽдһ㶫

ҳ˺ܶࡣһ·ϣסҤסɽססŶ
Ҳ¶޽ͷסĵطŶҺȹȪˮȹ
ˮҲȹЩĺˮѵʱҲûֹ֪ʶӰ

һֻȻдŸ߼ܵڼ绰ңһ
жáĵܵ˵ѧҼҵ棬Ҳɽ
زܵһҪԪǮء

ܵҪһؼҿûҵһʹͷҲؼҡ

ҵܣһֱһʹͷ˾ʡ

תȥˣһʹͷ

ͻȻתһ죬һŽҼҴͷ
ʱŽЦңǲֱи밡
һæش𣺡ǰŽЦңھ
ǰһкֱи룬㽲Ҵͷǲ
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һϲǸкǲǴͷһҪȥΪһ
ʹͷѾ߻ħˡŽԳ˳;
˻𳵣»𳵺һֳֳһ·ոշ
ʯһʯͷɽͣˡЩʯͷһֳ
ʣòͽֽͷĺ˵ˡ

طһƬҰǰи̴ѡ̴ͬһͷð̵Ĺ
ӴǰߡҿһڽصСʱʱ
йļ㷿ݡһ鳾Ŀյ϶ש֪שҤ
ȥǺĻһȥһƬ

ûмͷұµ׳Χסˣ׳ﶼһ
λεĵӲ֪ʲôʱʧˡ

һīͷ˹㿴ӰˣʶʱΪܡ
иϰ尡˾񲡣ҵʮשҪ˰϶ɽ羰
Խһرı۸ߣԸҪһʱ
һҪأҪÿһש涼Ҫ֡𡪡
ҡ㡣ɣש̡װӰͷһᣬ
һһĿ̵һдšҰ㡣ֽ

ҷߣǧҪǸܰһɱ㡣

׳ҵҵֻ֤ͬٶԪǮˣ
˵ǴұܡҽϴƤЬив㣬һǧԪûбЩ
﷢֡

̵ûи͸ש֣ͳˡÿӰ࣬Ҫ̺
֡

вٿȥľͷľԵڸɻЩޱ飬б
ᡣ׳ǾЩˡЩ׳ǾשҤļ๤

Ѿˡǻõĵ¡ÿɻʱ̫
˯ʱ̡̫˯ʱǶڹڡû֪Щ񹤵ʵգ
µ׳ùǴкƤǷҲҪ֪
ǵ֡

Һһ˯ڴ档ҵƤбĸǱ͵汻
ǣ˯ֽֽЩݡ

ҳԵķԣҺͼ๤һԡǵʳһ
ɺŨĹζƮǵúĶôǷ㡣

Щ񹤾򣬺ܿǸիˣҴСŵ
Ӱ죬ҰЩ񹤵ֵܿҲֻܹΪ˵仰ˡȰ
๤ǶЩ񹤺һ㣬๤ȻҶ£Ǵ
Ϊࡣֻһļ๤ҵȰ
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ûа취ֻҶ˵ӽ쿪ʼ
ˣҸϰҵǧԪֻԪȫ㣬
ô

۾һɣƨ㻹йǮ˾Ͳˣ

תתôƨǮҲˣߣ

֪ﲻܾ¾ܡҹ۲쵽שҤĶһӣ
ˮΪҼһǣһͷţˮ˺ӡ˺ԺһƬ
ء

ҹһصҴ˵׼ܣۏˮӾͿܵ
һܵ𣿡

֪ﶼҵɵֵܡвôɵֵܣҾͿԾ
ӡ

û˻شҵĻ̾һ

ʱҰװűӵƤغá

ҿ׼һᡣʱ๤ҺԶֻұȽϽ
Ƥںһ񹤡̵Ĺȥ
СϺݺݻһСȺұƤܣۏˮӣ
ȻڿϷɱм׷ҡصľͷСɽɽ
ǰ¡һشԼ¥ߣһᣬƤȥȻ
ȥˡƤ档иɽҹȥ
˼ӣһȺ֣ûˡ

ҴšŲʹûǮƣô
Ӳ·Щˡ

Ҽˡ·һߣҰשҤ˼ߡߺܳ
Ҳܷŭ׼שҤд档

һиĵطסһŶŶȽϴ󡣸и
ĻվҲһҲһлҴûд
Ҳģֻһʹͷǲ

ͻȻرˡһãҷƤͳ
ԲһžɱֽĿհ״дľӣһ߹ǧɽˮֻ
ʣһᡣд꣬ҵıӺᡣҾһᰡ

ʮԶĵطſһСؤˡ

Сؤң壬ڻʲô

˵д仰ʶ𣿡

Сؤҡҡͷ

СؤİְǸʲôأôأ

˵Щַ˶ûаְģҲûСҴ
ӳҪҰְ衣

˭ص𣿡

Сؤҡҡͷʶ֣ô֪ʲôء

󣿡СؤҡҡͷͷѾˡСһ￴
ҡ

СһǴԭ쵼ַСؤ
ǮףֵСָһھǱõ
ġܴһ磬Ǯر࣬һһԪ
ʮԪ׼ᣬڲԶСؤӺȾƵ
ʱ򣬳̼ʮ׺һҪŵĹһվ¹
ֳ̼ʮ׺սһССһ⳵һһԪ
ʮԪ⳵˾ó⳵Ͽ񱼡

    Ĵһ·֣ڸҡСһ̫ˡҾ
СһõĻ˵ҵְ衣

ҼãַҴȵչǮôȥѧգһ
ֱַϧҵȲˣǮٶ

Ϊ˷ŶûשԽ̨סҴгȼ
ҧҧѺһҺư趼Ǽģƾɵǻ
áŶվվܹ񵽿ȪˮƿеĿȪˮƿаƿˮ
дƿˮǺȿȪˮʱÿȪˮշ

Ҿ̴ʶ֡ССľҿ̹ġ

һŹĿհ״дְֺ֣áȻ̴Ȼ̴
дְֺ֣áдְֺ֣áȻ󣬴
ң˵ˣ⼸Ҳдд
֣á

㻹д𣿡

룬ҡҡͷˡ

ôɰɣѵǴͷǴͷѾʮˣ
Сһ￴ֻѽСؤѽӪܾĥ
ȽϳٻҲпܵİ

ҵֱҿСһüۺһԽԽ

᲻ҵĶӰ

˵ʲôͿ֪

ð취ҪöǮʴǽӼô֪


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ʴҵĶ߲ˣô

۾һ£˰ֻҪҵװְ֡

ھɱֽϿмҽԺӼҺʹվ
ÿͣиĵÿ͸һӼҪǧң
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ҾļӿǮٶȡ

иԿ׵С̯ˣιĶˣҪ
ȥ˿ҵж㣬ԸԸС̯ҵȻԸ
ˡ˽̻Կ׺ͿļԿ׸ƻͿ͸ˡ
л

գǮٶȴӿ졣һ죬ҺʹӵǧԪ
ȥվƱ

ȵƱʱԥҶԴ˵ȥ˰ɣ¡һ
ҵĶӣһġҵܲˡ

ðɣʲôʱȥȥɡ

ʱҵԥһȥˡ

糿ܰİͻȻĿ޽ϡŶ
ʹŶŹҼ¼ԪѺ󣬴еĳ
ƱŴһ⳵˾ȥĶ˵ȥõҽԺ
ȺӡɣҽԺſͣ£˾˵ʮԪӸ˾ʮ
Ԫ󣬱ܡȥﲿҺţɽ˺ҺŵĴǰ˵
ӣҵĻޣ룬а

ҽӣЩ˰ҳ⣬ࡣʱиüĿ
̫̫ˣ̫̫ңҲùʹһëһ
ҽκˡҪȥĻҽԺſи˾ʮԪ͵һ
밡ȥ¡

̫̫ģҵǸ˾ɣܿǾ͵ŵ
иʮֵİ׷ǰ档˰׷ӣи׺ҽ׺ҽ
ҩȥҩҩһ㣬15ҩϼҪǧʮԪ
һֻǧʮԪһҪлȥĳء

棬ҽԺͬŻݣǧԪҩ

ҼõҩӹȻʹˡǣ֮ʮ죬
ƤԽԽƣԽԽԽԽݡŶӸң
͡

ҲǴǰĲպãֵһ²أǴҼ
ҩʵأҺܺڣҪҵùһЩҺȥ
ҽѧԺҾͿŪĲ޴롣

ѾûǮˡԷ⡣ֻȥҪˡȥ
ꡣȥСɡһСſڣҿϰææµµС⡣
ҽȥҪЩʣʣ˳ԡϰίذʾңӰ⡣

Ұʣʣ˷ŵˮ࣬ȻһѶ˱ĸι

˵Ƚϲҡ

ҵ˴һۣСָһڻϲ㣿

ǰ˶ҲҡСʯͷҪܣȾͱȳˡ֪Ҫܡ
ֻŻŻҡҪҵҲȳҾû취ˡ

ҽͷ𣿡ԣţ塣

ʱ뿪ȥԿ׵С̯Ҿ·ʹŴ
ϼβǴͷѽ

һصŶѾˡ

ֽһֽȥˡҡ

ɵѽɱͲˡ

뿪ˣʮģʲô޾ɡ©ƫҹ꣬ҷ
ŶĶ͵ˣ˼ֽһපıӣѾһ
ˡ

˰ַҵı棬ûˣ120ɡ˶ˣ
ʲô120˵120ҪǮġǾʹ110ɣûֻ
𣿡򣬳ȾֻҲֻ110𣿡Ӧÿ
ɣеĻȥҵ绰ͤ

ˣЩ˺˰ɣһûأҴӦҵ
һҪҷ˵ѽôأôأ

ŶҵһҵһŴͷЦˣͷŲ
Сİڳ̶ǰѰɫסͷңŰְְְ֣
һѱͷҵʪȫᡣ״ͷͷ
ˡ

ұ˴ͷֱһһڽһþȫ
ҵ

ߡ
        
Ϻ

ϰ

½˼

1.	

Ϊ㣬ǰĳSաӲҪSʲôҾ
ӲҪش㣬SӢĵShit

¼¡SգϢգСû糣ȥ˾Ӱࡣѵ˯˸
ѽ11㣬ڴϾǲзԹShitҪ
ǴӼ￪ʼġ

𴲺ȥסҶ¼̯λ˰СʱĶӣ
˰빫ʽĳ±ζǻͷƤ۶ǵȡصңѺͮ
ͮߴߴˮܵζһƿӱóġ๷ơƣǳ
ˡһͬˮйصĸԺ󣬰Ѽµһ
ӽϴ»ϴǣŽԷͬԷڵĿյϸɨ
һ飨估յҲȥˣڼɨǰѩ
µĳ̶ȣ˼ʶ͵֣ٽղصʮѲúë
˲Щݺݳ˸ˮ裬ϢƬ̣ԶϺ
Ŵ绰ϴθŴ绰ѾöˣһƵģ
ŸˡŮ˵һ

ιţ𣿡绰һͨСֱŻͲ
װģ۳ġ

ããʲôãǱ帣Ϲæôͼ
Ѿŵȷе㲻ˡŲװˣ
˻װ֧ǡ

СָϽͣ⼸칫˾رæ󶩵ϰ塮ۡ
ţ۾ˣÿ춼ɵϾŵ㡣컹ҪȥӰ࣬
̫ˣ˯ͷûȥڼҲûţһͨɨҸɵֱ
ˡ͸֧أգúú˯һ졣ģ˵
ԼءȻһתʣʲôţ˵𣿡

ſûô˵ûʲô㣬ֻҪķǡԴ
ÿ춼ҪŪĲˣǸ¡Ҳ⣬סԺ
Ĭŵڻûҹ¾ս˵İƷ׼һ룬
Ĵɽ˵ɣķţ

˵DDСָеʱʧȥţͶ̻˵ˡ

2.	

ϺS֮ǰһ¡

һ磬ĬƽһȥסҸ·ͶСУУ
ˣδͣȵС͵Ĭɱȥŵô
ĬڶӺһУСģͷҲûأӳĳУ
ʧڳһѺѹѹĺϳǰĬϡ
ӱŵûϣм¶ǡԶȥУ
ǹıصֲԶ˶С⣬ʵ
˲ġȴĵһӰͷ·۾ľƬ
ʪˡ첽סȥ룬ԽԽܽˣԼȴԽ
Խ̣ܽΪ뱲ƺѾ硱Ŀ籩ܳ

Ĭ˼ţ׼ˡĬʮ
ȥˣҪ˵һѼ°ɣ̫̫ҲǳǿӲ
͵̭գĬմ֣ȫ̫̫æת̫̫
ȰȢŵϱٳϱƲƲ죺ŮƽȣҪ
ܺͬȵĴһ仰̫̫ǺûʱĬ
װ̫̫˵˾䣺µģôɡȴҲûʾҪ
̫̫ͬȥ˳̫̫˶ӵġϻҡҡͷձۣһ
ɵϴͰ·ˡĬһժ۾þƬһԴ
룬ѵøϴɡ𣿰̫̫ڶΪѣ
ҲΪѡĬתſڣ۾ƴ˯ţ
üͷĬϰʱǡơʮ㵽˾򿨣ҹ
׷˯ϰ˵㲻ܻͺС̸
˵ءĬȥ£̳̫̫Ūõˡû
ãźС࣬ͽӵһĵھӽĵ绰
ڲ˳ԱߵĽֵϻˣӵúأڵ
Χ˺ܶˣϿȥĬΪղ̫̫ðŴ
ŸеЩǸ⡣æ˰ɡ֮ǰȥŭذŴ
˯нѣ˯ͷ

̫̫ӰѴȲǵˣθӵڴĸ
ȲȵĲֶӣԹ̶ͷ֧ż塣ǵʹˣҽ
飬֮ٶЩֶȡõˡ
Ĭݵѯҽôʲô֢ҽЦȻ
ܲμӰ˱ˡĬͷĬ
ָʲô֢أô˵ɣԸһܿ
Ѫ˽ǵڣԱĪеĺ֢ҽĻ˵еˣ
ϾҪ¶һӶ԰ʮͷĸˤӵĲж
Ĭ֧λᣬҽǸɫվ̨ԱԼ
Ǹ׾ƱĶӹڡ

Ǵ̸Ĭܾٺҽһ̫̫ͨϵ
һֽǡˣ̫̫ҽԺס£һֱסȥ˴ˣ
Ĭ㵽רDDԼȥʹһҽƶȡ

ʵܹʹ޾ͱʾ㻹ԶԶûܹ 

Ĭ绰ȥ¼£̫̫ͨˤȹǵ¡绰ȴ
СֽӵġĬһ򲻴˵ûк
ʹæѵ绰ˡǱСּʲô˰ûش١ι
ι˼æСӲԸ˵ѵ绰ˣ
䣺DDãԼȥ⣬仰ˡ

3.	

ϺS֮ǰ¡

ʱĬЯһ˸߲ҵ¼£طϳꡣ
ùˣĬ򹤵Ĺ˾ˡ˵СDDú̫̫
ˤȡ

˵еȡСӽϰʱ͵͵ȥ
޶ҹУרҵѧλγ̣ҹУһѧڵĩˣ
ѧϰܿҪͷصɼӹ˾ȥ
ϰĴˣȫû˹ءϰûʮע
ʲôʱʲôˣ߾һ۱һۣϰ칫
Ĭġܡвޣ˻²С棬²
˼¼׷֤ݣ淢ϰǶϰǰ
ĬϸָĬȻܸɴ࣬һݲԱ̯ǰҪ
ǩֻѺϣϰ²󣬶ԴĬǿģû
СΪ˴йع涨һ빤
ȵΪС⳥ѣĬԱڸù˾족˽꣬
һܳġԼееԾĬͦӲڲ
ǩĴûκνͺ硣룬˴ˣ
ƾҵѧ;Ҳһ¹нˮ˵ܷأȫ
⳥𵱶⽱ɡ˲ĹʹƵı仯ȫ
ͳҵʱܶеͶ˲ҵѾйԴ
˵Ĺתơ

˺ĬȴûмȥѰӦ¹ʱǱڼҡ
ԸмСžţһ棬Ҫ˻Լȫȫ
ǷרҵıҵͻƷҪҵˮƽߵרҵˮƽһ棬
ҲҪռලһ¶Сѧ꼶ĶСÿµĹΣѧУʦ
ε绰ĬţԹСѧҵɼظϣ
༶꼶ĺȣҪҳϡ

ȻĬҪڼһӵĴ뷨̫̫˵ˣ
̫̫ΣûбʾԣûбʾǿҵķԡţĬ
òھĲ⣬׷
ʱͷ˵ѾһЩµĹĳȥˣڵȻ⵹ûƭ
ȷ๤ĳȥˣֻ̽̽ûл
лģʺʹҲθڣ
ûк˼绰˵̫̫Ŀרд˷ⳤż
¼£һʱŮŮӳ˶ӡʧҵĸķֹ
ͦĬġ

ú̫̫ˣĬҪչ겡ˣȥҹˣ
̫̫棬ڶһİã̫̫Ȱ
ˡ

Ĭ룬Ūҵమãе㡰֮Ժ㣬־¾ɡ
˼ˡ

ֻǣַǷҵͻƷû˳أ֪
ʲôʱܴ󹦸һʡ

4.	

СֵŽ໪

S֮ǰڣ໪¼»صϺ

Сַ¼֪£Ѱ˼ţĬı
ãǰĪװΪϡ̫̫ȹǶסԺ£
ǲ޶ԣǰĬİְزסԺŮ໪յ¼£
Ѳûϻȥæ̫̫һֱڻ߶߶ָʮ
ʮָû꣩и˳æչ̫̫ĳԶƻĽ
򹤵Ĺ˾뼸³٣ϺҪ黹¼
£ȥҪͷ˾ɫְ޺֮ǣһһⳤս
ǣȻɲ˶ô޷ˣܸĬͬ־˭ܡ
һġСֶ˵ذɣءǳһ롯Ǵ
ˡʹŮʺ̫̫Ҳźչ˺˼
ɡ໪𣺡ʡʡɣŲϡŮ³ġ
СִУ̫̫ô𣿡ĬȻ

໪׼Ϻסһ£СַҪط־һ
ʱ䡣

ϰ˾ͺáϰ˸á

໪صϺĵڶ죨ǰһ쵽ʱ̫ûٸȥҽԺһ
Ĭͬת˼СʱǼҽԺ̫̫
ĲǷ糾ˡ̫̫ŮȦͺˣ໪꺮ůû
ͷûԵغ̫̫˵˼仰ͳĬ߿һʿѯһЩ̫̫
ǧԪǮ

̫̫ƴǣܴӹңѾܿˣҪƷ
ˡ

Ů֣ŰɡǮҪõʱͲӶࡣ

ִ̫̫ˡ

ǣĬӻʿһ̫̫͵໪ǧԪǮ
Ͻ˶ӣǽģˣŰɡĬӦţͰ
һǮַ¿ڴҲûлл㣬ǼƣûôǱǮ¡

̫̫ڲ΢Цţǻģʰĺͯ

໪Ϸﲻζ⻰ô˵ģʲôСŰ
ɡ̫̫ڲ´ġȨճ
һпѶڶУ˭Ҿ˭ȨҪͽᵱȨ޿ɷ
顣ҲûҪŮǮȥͽӣһһת۵Ů棡
¾ܵĬƫСӻ顣

ͥ˸˵裬˵ģΪ£ȴԵø
ӳ㡣

5.	

Sա˵໪С߶ǧԪǮˮƯ¡

˵£ͷСϰûп໪ʣι
ô˵Сִ𣺡Ҫ˵ʲôǮԤҲûҴ
к໪ͺ˺˵ˣ򲻴кһ£
ѡһһʮСֱȽϸ˵̫̫ҽҩѵĿУЩ˵
ˣйҽƶȺ¼¡ᱣܲһ˵̫̫
βķãһֿáҽ֧ǻ൱һҪ
ڲϾÿҪرĻԱĦؽڣ
æȲȴԷǽʰĦѾ͵ԼһС
ʱһԪһСʱһΣһҪԼǧԪ
ǧԪҽ˵ˣ̫̫סԺҪµ꣬
˵ġû˵꣬С־͹ǻֵ
ڹڵҽԺ뷽跨׬˵ĺǮϴλȥһСð
ȥҽԺҽŻ㣬Ҫ㰲װһʮСʱ
ǣ˵ܵܲǸõһĿСĲ⳥ôʮʮ
Ԫɣβ´ࡣ̫󷽷İ컵£ܵ
˾ָƼء£֮Ѿһ˲񲻺
ǶԵȣǺô̫̫ݹΪأ໪ͷ
˺ˣstopˣ¾ûһ
Сŭˣǲңֲ˵ǲҪʾ
˼ȸһԪأĳ߶Ȼ󷽡
ȫװ˵ĴϸܵģǮ
ȥˣͲҪ룬ֻҪ̫̫͵ˡܵܣ㱾Ͳ
ָʨDDҰղصĲһ̾ϲ
⣬ҪҿЩܵԵֻǻһ²ò
ᣬ±ҶһҵĻʲǺܺã㼱ŰǮһ˲ѡ
ǱߣŲһѵ绰ˡ


6.	

Ϻ໪һ֡סʵǸ⣺Ĭ
һͬʮƽҵġϾӡճԵִ̫ˣûͬ
ԼҵסȡշӳСŲϴӲСϴ
̤ʵΪС޷ѡ𡱷ֿʹãһϴ裬
С㼱˾ͲϲԷ·ɹ·ȵܾ
תӣ̧ͷͷͿӰЩԽͣʵ˯ĵ
ϡȱСˣְԷŴ˯ˣƽʱ
Сֻҹתءλ̺˯Ŵ󴲣һ
ûжĴλ̫̫סԺ̫̫ŴСռ
ţ˯̹ͬ˷໪ȥ˯ֻһʹ
̡¼˯ϳ˵ŷƷϯ˼˹ϴӡ˹ơ
ֱᱳʹؽڱЩƽֲڵĵذ忩ģ
һͷϡ˯кͿ෢ǹӵ
ʰñˡ

ǵģ⣬ʹڶ磬ͨҲĸıȽ࣬Ƚꡣ

໪ÿֵҽԺࡣһ磬·ϲߣϵҽԺʱ
̫̫Ѿ˶ʱ۾컨˼Թءæ̫̫
ϴϴϣҽԺ;ˣι̫̫һСƤ࣬
ٰ̫̫ɾ棬Ȼ̫̫ͷ´̫̫θ̤ʵ
㣬ڹĵʣ˯ú໪ʵʵ˵ã˯
ĵطûС

໪̫̫˵ס̫Сȱ˯߳£
̫̫ɻᡣҪŮԴ˯ϵߵˣȻ͡Ӹ
¡ϵ渵ǰĬҪӣȱǮǽ裬û
дӦֻܿԼʡԼƴ˭֪Ǯ浽ǱĿԭ
õķǼˣرƴ˼ΣǮٶԶϲϷǵ
ȣŲԽԽ·ӱңԶĿ롣໪һ
̫̫˵ǣߵظ趥ˣ裬ĬʱȱǮҲ
Ƕ˵ˣǵǮдƾٶһЩҲ׼
ġвģ¼򷿲Ҳд̫̫
Ϣͣдǡϻ⡯Ҫȥ⡯
ǳĺ໪裬ǰڹɹƣ
Լ˵ˣǵٶȿ죬ʵ϶졯еĴ
ϢĬʱ˷ӣҰ㣬Ƿ绹ˡ
ס˴ӣҲغһ⼸ʮƽ׵ʽ
ޣ˯طûУԼƽҲδ˯˰Ⱦ̫
̫̾˿֮ܶڹ⣬ãԸ
Ŭٱ𣿡

Ƕǲֱ׳ҿ̫̫û˵Ů˯ᱳʹǻá
ֹͣνۣĨȥϴҡЩϴ˸ᱳ
ʹ


7.

¼¡S֮һ

ϣС°࣬ߵ㵽ңûȴ绰ǧ֮ţ
Ծʹиеżչ磬Ҳ˶ʱ
顣

ι㻹ҽһڹ˾ϰ񲻶ģء
ұƽʱҪչ°ˣۡߣĲˣ۹
ûηзŷʱأֲǹ˾ū
绰һͨС־˳˳ߣǰ绰
¡

ڵ绰Ű̾رԹ˯þСͦ۵ģ
˵̣ᱳ۲˲ƽʱȱٶ״ܱ̫̫
ǿɣ໪ѵͱֻˡˣָ̫̫ͷ
ˣָʱûṩʵϢҵܴܵĬʹһ
񡯣ûɷӣѷĿǰľС˻ðɣ
;Ϳ̶ˣ̫̫λˣ˼άû𻵣
׷ԽԽǿˡϧ׷ڡѹ׷Ч໪С
ô˵˵ţͶˡյס̫̫ҲʹͿƫģ
ûסǧΪҵܵܺҲͿʵǰѷⱾ
õˮ©Ŷô˵أһĵ᲻áģ
⡮ϾӡķһҪ˵йˣ¼·ӣ
Ȩ˭·Ӿ˭ģйûôĲ
Ȩ˷ҪǸ֡άȡء⡮ϾӡȻ
̫̫ͷǮʵλģͷȥˣڲȨ̫̫£
ΪϱӺ̫̫סһͬһڣͬһµķӣ
Ȩ滹úͻ߷޲Ȩһɡƽȡ
ΣֻҪסⷿӣҲĳ̶ֳǡһ֮;Ӱ
˼Σˣһˡ⡯ȨʲôȨ˵
̫̫ҪӣԸ⣬Ҫ󻧿ڵĳס
Ĭţͬ⣬ɣ̸ͬմ̫̫ˣ
ϷӵĲȨȥ¥ˣⷿӾȻȻס£
ֻҪĬǵʱһЩѾˡƣǶġޱ
°Ҫ˵ƶȵȱݻȡĵиԣĬ
ˣ·ŲѰߣԸᶨغ̫̫ڡϾӡ䳤
Ŀ꣬εռסطάļɼ̳ȨСַѾ
ŵġƪ˵һ䣺ˣܴܵĬۣ
Լġ룬ҲǵİɣһأԷ
ǻع̫̫ķӵĲȨ棿ǵ
ʱûƵ̫̫һֱôôꡣ̫̫ε
ӣ˵ϲأ˸ƴƴ٣
ƴеúأջһ˭ӮֻǱ˵
Ĭˣ´ģ˯

ߣ˵绰СֻǶ˼˺ܾáף
Ӳʹ롰աʱôͬʱ뵽ˡ
˵塱


8.

Ȼ¼¡һͨSպ壬

绰սͨС־ͷߴԱߵ˭ȥʲô£æ
ôˣ໪˵մ˿ĬҽԺ̫̫һСʱ
뿪ҽԺҸϡ϶Ѿ°ˣϻؼңĩ
ءֻǵıСҵСز֡ԭ
ѵûСӽһοģ໪ʹӦץ
Σʹȥĸ͵ԣһӦ£ղ
СӹһͣˣҪǰֵ⣬໪ûӦ
ء

СִȤʲôʽͽӣСӲ
ʣ˵ܵܲȥڼܴһԭΪ
ӵѧҵôгЧô˵Сƨѧϰɼ𣿡

໪æ㣬㻹ͦĵġ⻰ã̫̫
ʱʽ飬ҪСȥ¼ѧ˵ȥ¼Σ
ÿ۲쵽СͦϵģҪĸദҪϵ
̫̫ԭ֭ԭһû޸ġ

СЦ̫̫Ǹ˰Ҳ˵רҵġ
ӵġ̴

·ֵؿ˼˼ʹϵϵĺܴȱڣȴҲ
׷˺ڷȱڱԵɷѿͼѰҵһ

Ŷ̫̫˵ФСо
ǣ䡣

Сֻ˵ʲôʲôѽǣϷűݣ̫̫ϲ
õЩиоݵġЪסҼǵǰҲ˵ʲô
ŮȻĬ񣬿ûϱѧ
֡άȨ̫Լһ˳аСŮֱ
աУǰԹ˵Ĭ򣬡¹áԤ
ʾĬһ˺ءƶǻŲĸ

˵Щӿһ˿˵ΪԼΪˡͬʱã
ؿ̱ʱһŵ㡣

Ǳ룬СǵõĶ϶治١˵»
̫̫һˣѴʹ磬ǵ͸¶ҵܵ
ĬҲһֱڵйгʵƲԭ
ΪôһƬãʹҪһͬԭһģҲǳѡ
˵ʹˣˣ̭ˡ̫̫ģô
һ䡮ЪŮУ쾭壻гŮϦ


һһ׵ġҷˡСְ̾˿

ʱȫˡ

໪ִ˹ڰеģƹ⣺ԣ룬ʹ
ĬϸȨˣȻСͣҲĿǰ£
Ĭͬ־俪һսԲ𡣵ȻлСѧҵǰ;Ŀ
һá

ʲôһټãСӹβãϰض࣬¼
ṇ̀ܽõʿеľֲĸûΡ
С˵Ż˷ĵơ֪ԼȻǺڰ
ġ

໪ϻͷ˵ˣ˼԰С
̸ǣҲûԼСգˡС
㲻˳˵桮ְ֡ˣ

СִʵţС£ҵ
𣿡

űЦøѾһڻؾˣΪ
ڡҶ̫̫˵С˲ϲ˵ĺӡ˵
Ĭˡ

ʵͦϲӵģ˵ĺӡ

Ź֣


9.

еȫյһˣϡҽơסҵճĿ
ȵȣصҲԵصڣص˻
ص֮Ͳˡ


10.

Сֲ룬̫̫ᵽСദǢʲôĺ壿
ûĺ塣

ѵûкӵŮˣְĸĸҲйĹˣ

һΣĬһĿ¼ǶʱסСǼң
ǼСϲøС˹鷿쳵𾢵
ۺģ٪޼ʱԱǵĸΪʽʳ
ܡȵȣǶСһڶһ滭ݣѳ
󿪱Ļ滭Ϻǧ¼£·ǸЯָͼԶ̽
Ķѧң޷ǾǻҰЩ޴ӷ׺쳣Ȼ
Լ͡СҲ޷Сƨ²ظ
׵Ŀ°ˣ磬ŵݽԼӲ
Ե࣬ˣ͡ʳ֣
˫˺ܶѪŭţĿµԶԶӿˡദ
ǢСֺССѵһɫ޵Ļ滭鱾һ
һСٿαҵӶѡ

ĬţΪСĸȴͷ躢ġ
ڡҲҪӣǵ״̬ġ

Сֻ뵽һ£ҲкССйصһϸڣ
һʱ벻ϸʲôĬǵڶ¼£˷ɻ
һϷ׵ľȻ˻ת˽СʱѰ뾳ؿڣ
СʱϺе¼г̲Сʱһ㡣ںᴩ
ɳĮ

ǵʱҹ½½ˣÿͼ߿ˣ󲿷
ʹҲֹͣתȥӻСֺĵ˻ִ
ڴûˣҲûӵκΡȡ绰ڿտߵشȴ
һ̫ǻȴüˡԱǼҹӪҵ
ƻͨĵѾġӺˡôͰ

Ĭɥִ߳Ĭ
ԹĻǣ¼µĻôôһž
ʧ˷򡣡һɫӵ¶˷Tͷϻһ
ι״İñӡСֶСӣﲻǷУ裬
ЩԼĶԲĬ˽Сȴǣ
Сȥʽӭǣʽùͷˣʱǡͥ䵱
ĳ֡ĬǲεġŴĬҲ
ԼĸԱ⡰ӭ棬СӭͷʹĬһ٣
еûڡ󺣡ﶪܸ
ˡǡʱһĬӻǹƵĽӿڡȡɷ򣺡
ڻ˺ܶԩ·ûôɣĸ߸
ЬڵשƺнУս׷иǹ˹ӵ

һͣȥ󷽵İȫشֻ̳ˣ
£ǹڻǡСֻԼǹֵģǧܡˡ

֪ԼѾڡѪ

ںͷ໪һѣĶСӸղһ
ʻʵˣûôɣҹģں
СʱˣӸ󲻳ˣǣ߸Ьǲа
۹ĵƤϣýŸ󣬵ľʢһˡ

໪գգۣǰе̫̫ŬŬ죬˼ǽ
˵ˡ

ϸکǻҪͣĵطˣСһС
ͻȻϢߵСߣСŶ˵ְͷͷ
ԵĿʳݵġʱСֻûпСһЯǱͼᡱ
СһԿڳԡ

һǶ鷿ʱС̹׸С֣
ķǰĸ˯һŴϵʱᾭװ˯ţ
ְĬ;Խһؿڣ裨Ǿ
ÿΣְֵ׺ݵƿС˵һ䡰ˣְ־û
óѣÿζûеóѡ˵ЩûԤ׵ģСһͻȻָͱͱС
ֵߣһЦСֳһػرһЦͻ
ͱһ£߲۸Ƿ·һӦе
٣Դ̡٣ġԼСĸĸ
߳ܣ߳ܡ

С᲻һִδй׵ܸ߳У

11.

S֮¡

ָ̫̫úܺãҪԺؼˡһȶ໪׼
Ȼ¼һˡСѾָž۵ĺˡ

һεͨ໪ڵ绰һ̬쳣ɷȽʱ
µ¸ò̸Ҫ˵һ顣

ȺֻҪܾؼͺéʳ⻹ʲô
¡С˵ֳ˵Ĳء

໪ѹ˵ĬŶӶȥ̫̫Ժ
ûˣø˵£㻹ǵҶ˵ǰҰְֻʱ
˵Ĭһ㶼ûһ񣬻ɴĬӡ

СֵĿ涼ôѵ벻ġ
չɱõʲô֤ݣְֵ֤ĲǶԵġ

໪˵飺ǰĬ޶ڣֻСڼң
СһҵԶҵտһŪɲͥì
ĽĿСذ˵¡ذ̿һǣ⵵Ŀ˺ö
ˣʳ겻˥Ŀذ̵ļｲһڣһ
ɷܻСġᵽСѪO
ͣɷABͣذȥѯһרңרҸС
ɷġһӴ̼໪񾭣ʹ
ΪǡĬѪABְͣѪͶO͡ڶ
ɫȥϲˣȷɣĸһABͣŮͲO֮ͣȻ
ĸһOͣŮҲABͣ˵ĸOˡ

ۣǧȷְǰġԤСǶԵģĬӡ

ǣͬʱһǧȷĬҲӣΪ
ѪҲOûйԤС

ô˵Ǽʮǰҽ¹ʣҽԺˣΪߵʱ
˹֮ܳʲôԭһĴЦ

ѲⰡ֪̫̫ˤǰһֱ׷⵵ذ˵¡
ģǰذ̵ķ˿ء첥ǸĿʱסҽԺҲûе
ӻûҪˣ֪ԼʹĬѪͣϸ룬Խת
Ǿͻ˴ˡ໪µ˵

ǣСС͡

˵ָΪʲô£

Ϊʲôڲšס

˴˳ĬһЩǲۡ

С˵ˣ׷ʵѾûʲôˡ
ְʱʣȥְ˵ôˣ
ģôÿʵ룬
ĬԼӦͲˣֻô⡮Ҳ
塯̫̫ѡΪˡ

ôأҲһֱȥ𣿿ǣֻ֣һ
衯ȴҿǽĿڣǾ仰Ⱑ˵ǲǣ

װģСֵġǼװͿɣҪȫĬ
Сֺˣƶ죬ǿƶ졣

໪Ҳô룬̫̫ʣ²
̫ˡ

š⣬ղ˵ģ¶Ҳһշˣ
ĬҲ׵ܵܡ޿صһˡС룬
˵Լڡ侮ʯ˵ڰﵹæ

Ҫ̸һҪ㣺ǵ¿С¡
һ˸ת䡣

¸Сʲôϵѵ˵Ǽ˵ѪԵѾ
ˣһҲ޷Сˣƶˡ⡣϶ﲻ
ﵹæûϵ

໪֣µ˵С֣⣬Ҳ˵Ҿãҵ
ܩҵܵ˩ҵܵܣҵܴܵĬһ·ͦԩҲ
ͦġһֱΪˣȡЦԹ塯Ƶģʵ
и߸߹ԽУڣ£һǾӣ
ͻȻŴһİˡˡĽǶƽľؿһУȻ
Ľǣʵ˵ĬЩͷʲô𣿱˵һȶ
õĹʹ˵Ҳصı㣻һԼ
߳ڸ̫صĴӣгһáϾӡĵ
·ӣĶܽܺõġѧҵгɣ
ҪҽƺͶӵĽ̫Էѵ׷Լͯ
Ļ룻źٶȥ¼棻ȵȵȵȣ
ЩͷĴ˵ͷСûйƵͷһ
ĴʵֲЩͷһʵֲˣԽԽʵֲˣ
˵ʲô˵еǸ᲻ٲ
𣿡

ţģ㱣֤ҲǻѴĬҵĵܵܡ
ʱСͷԲű߼ʵӦһ䣬ŻǱ
зâǸ֮ס

ԣϸ룬˵ҲеΪ˴̼ˣ
˼·ةǵðĬܰ˵Ļǰ˵ģ
أʹ˼Ҫֵˡ
໪˵Щѹˡ

СֱȽ侲Ҳû飺ţǶˡ
ɣ֮ǰȻһϺ˴ҿһ
С©ϾҪӳ顣Ҫģ룬Ҹʹ
ĬһȥְɨɨĹͷرͷϴε绰
ᵽ̫̫˵ҺСФǡǣʵ
̫̫⻰ҺְֵģʱҺ̸ãְϲң
ǺУҲ̫̫ͶԵء

ţҪ˵أһҲáǣ˾٣

Сظֲǹ˾ūҲ򡮴ۡ
ְ

ң

ջأˡ

⻰Ҿͷ㣡໪ѹˣݾˡ

˽ֳĬ˺ܾãĬĳְ

ȻİԵʼйɾ޴ĺݾ

ֱСʹõĵ绰ֵڵǮˣ绰ߣ绰𳤳
Ϣġཡ˲ͬʱع˵绰

Ҳʱҡһ׮£Ȼ˴˲ʮֵղ

¼£


Ǭסססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

    ŵѧ

  ܡ     


ŵһٶʷеҽѧʮιѧ
ЩĹϺһٶѧеش֡
ŵѧĳֽǶ˵һѧķչʷ

һ      

һũһ꣬Ҳŵʼ䷢ĵһ꣬ҽѧ˵¹
ѧEmil Adolf  von BehringŵίԱģΪ
ѪƷϵĹƷڶ԰׺ϵӦãĹΪҽѧ
оһҽһԿǿ

׺ɰ׺˾һּԺȾ׺Ҫ
²ӡһ˾ũ꣬ von Behringͬ·ָȾ׺˾ĶѪ
һֿ׺صʣǰΪءǽ
о֣תƺֿѪư׺Ƕ԰׺Ѫ
Ʒ von BehringֵĿرǽ˵Ŀ壬Ҳǿ巢ֵĿ
ʼѪƷľ޴, von Behringŵ˿ѧ
ҶԿоȤ

һȤǣβأ

һٶǰǶѧ˽ٵʱһǳսԵ
⡣ݶܶԶֶزĿһ󣬵¹ѧPaul 
EhrlichΪһȸ˴𰸡ѧ˵Ҳвѧ˵
ѧ˵ϸܹжʣ綾أ塣ĳ
ʽ˻غϸӦϣ
ϻ̼ϸڳжʵ壬Կ塣
һũ꣬ŵҽѧѧٴΰ䷢ѧʱΪ
֮һPaul EhrlichĻɾԿоҪڿ
βһۺͶԿЧ۵о档 

ڿĲۣEhrlichġѧ˵һЩԵù
򵥡ļʮѧԿоԽԽʱѧ˵
͹ڿĺܶʮһЩµѧ˵
硰ģѧ˵øѧ˵Щѧ˵ͬҲ
ԵȱݡֱӢѧNiels K. JerneӴĵȻѡҵ
У˿ġȻѡѧ˵ѧ˵ÿBϸ
һֿԭ壨ҲǱϸĤϵĿ壩ԭ
BϸBϸͷڴԿ塣 һѧ˵Ժܶй
˺ܺõĽͣΪĵ¡ṩ
¡һBϸһضĿԭĿ
塣Ϊԣ¡ѾѧоԼٴ
õ˹㷺ӦáԣһŰŵҽѧ¡
ķʱ򣬻ŵλѧҾNiels  K. Jerne
ΪĿۡGeorges J.F. KohlerCsar 
MilsteinΪǷƱ¡ļ 

ǵϵͳҪôιأΪ˽
⣬һҪķǽĽṹͨ׵˵˵ʲô
ӡЩ֡ȻÿЩܣ

һ꣬ӢRodney R. PorterGerald M. 
Edelmanֱ𹫲ϵķ֡Ϊһ־޴ĵףΪ
оĽṹPorterһøԿмСøܰ
ֳ֣ܺͿԭӦʣϣһ
ֲܡEdelmanоǴһǶУ޴Ŀ
嵰ɼͨһĻѧġȻЩѧ
øԿмУ屻г˶֡ԣʵĽ֤
ļ衣ͻԵĽPorterһṹģ͵ļ衣
ģĽṹһYĸ״ĸֲ
ܹͿԭϵĽṹǶһһһɵġ
ľ״ṹʣһɣܺͿԭϡ

ʮPorterEdelmanΪڿṹϵĹŵ
ҽѧѧͽṹѧķչṹҲ֤ȷġ
ṹĲΪ˽⿹ιṩ˼ʵĻ
֪幤ҪַʽһֻҪֲṹɣ
Ϳԭϲտԭ綾أӶʹʧȥáһҪ
ֲṹ;״ṹɵģֲṹͿԭϣȻ״ṹȥ
߽ϲϸӶյһ߷Ӧ

һŰ꣬ŵҽѧһΰ˿оλ
ձѧSusumu TonegawaΪĹ˿ĶԵĲ
⡣ΪϵͳԴĿԭĿ壬ڹ
԰ڼơ ΪҲǵʣһһʶһ
ģ˵Ļֻܱҡôһ
԰ڼƵĲͬβأ仰˵Ķβأ

ڶʮʮѧԵ׵о˽ϴĽչѧܹ
װСͨԲͬĿķѧҷֿ
ɣÿһȶһ仯
ʵΪѧ˼ԵĲṩ 
Ʋ⣬һжȻģеÿ
֡BϸĹУÿBϸÿĶ
ѡһȻϳһĿѡģͨ
ѡϣϵͳ˷ķʽͬĿ

ƲǺģΨһƲ⡣ʽȷҪȷ
ʵ֤ݣΪṩ֤ݵձѧSusumu Tonegawaһ
һ꣬ʮձѧ Tonegawaİо
ԼоС鲢֮ǰδ漰ѧоΪԼѡ
һܺõо򣺿ԲķӻԼ
óġҲǵʱȽķѧ֪ʶѧ⡣ʵе
˳ͻԵķ֣һһĻ̥ϸ
ڳBϸԵֲ̥ϸϵĶ
طڳBϸĻȴֻһʵ˵Bϸ
УһγͨԶı༭ɵģΪ
ѧ˵ṩֱӵ֤ݡһŰ꣬ΪTonegawa˵
ŵҽѧ

ԴһŰ󣬿Ȼѧо֮һȻûгֿ
Իŵķ ʲôϵءڣǶԿ˸
˽⣬ѾΪѧозǳҪĹߣҿ廹Ϊ
ܶ༲ҩ˵ЩȻǸΪҪ顣

 

壬ڸϤ硣˵ڰܾ
ߵĴʡȷִѾΪÿвɻȱһ֣
Ӧִ˵ƽӹΰ

ͲԭĶķԷΪ档һʶġ
ѧϵĶϵͳԲԭΧˡһϣ˺Ͷûʲ
ô𡣵ڶʶģͨеǻԸԭ΢
ķʹþںߡ籾һ޺Ķյ
ĳֲԭ߷ӦӶɱòԭ岢ֹķ

Ҫ˵Դǵô컨˵

컨컨µԴȾŽϸߵʣʷڼ
Ϊ컨ʧȥں컨ڵĶУǵõһľ
飺ЩӴ컨ԭ壬紩컨ߵ·컨˵
飬Ŵй˷ˡֶǴӸȾ컨
ȡвԭʣƤķĩȻתƵ˵
ϡֶЧطֹ컨ķʮ͵й
ֶѾõһģӦáңּҲŷޡȻֶ
ֹܹ컨ķ磬ֻĳΡԭ
İȫԣҲֶȱݡֵֶ컨컨
յ˵Ըò߷ӦͬʱҲܻᵼ컨
ֶǻֹǻᵼ컨ķȡڽֵ컨ĺ
ͻԡ

컨Ӧûлֻкܵ͵Ķԣ²ԣܹ
յ˲ǿ컨߷Ӧԭԣ ΢
ѧһ֪ʱҪһҪ;飬;鶼Ҫʱ
䡣ֱʮĩһͻƣͻƵ
Edward Jenner »áղɣ

ղ һӢҽżӼ̹֪һȤ󣬾
Ⱦţļ̹˲ٻ컨ţţġ컨
Ⱦ˵ʱȴֻ˻΢֢״ղɺ˷ܣΪ
￴˷ֹ컨Ŀԡǣǰͳֶţ
˶һ߾Űַ꣬һк顣ղȴһ
Ⱦţļ̹ƤȡȻֵǸк
ϡղԤǸк˶ţ΢֢״
ػ˶컨ĵֿ

԰ȫЧţǹϵĿʼҲΪ
ҽѧĿˡԺţƹ㵽ֿ컨
˵Ϊ컨Ψһţռ컨Ҳ
ʧȥĿռ䡣 һ߾꣬Ϲ֯ڿ׶
ޱ컨Ѿȫ緶Χڱཡʷһش


Ϊ΢ѧķչѾ֪ţֹ컨ԭ
ţţ컨˵컨кܸߵԡ ˱ţ
ϵͳţ߷ӦΪţ컨
ĸ߶ԣ߷ӦҲܶ˵컨áǣ һ
ֹţڸȾ컨ϵͳҲ컨
Ӷֹ컨ķǶ˵ţţ컨Ȼ
컨Ȼ硣 Ȼ缫٣ھԭ΢
ѧһݸǱչ硣ԣؼǣξ
ȥԭ²ԣԣȻǼϵͳԭ
ԣ˹ؼһǷѧ·˹˹£Louis 
Pasteur

˹΢ѧѧĵˣƿʵ״֤΢
Ĵڣ΢ǵһЩȻ󣨱緢͡ȾԭҲ
һμϵһ²΢

һ˰˩꣬ũ弦ҺУ˹Ͷ˶ߵоΪ
֤ܸȾļϷҲǵⳡԭ򣬰˹½Щ
ϸȻȥȾĽļϣЩȾļȺò
֤˻Ҳǵ¼ҵĲԭҲʵ˹¹۲쵽һ
Ȥ󣬾ЩҲʱԽ²ԾԽ͡
ѳʱĻҲȾòһܶԻ
ֿԡһð˹˷ܲѣΪ˵ڵ˻Ҳ
²ԵȻ˼ϵͳƱҪġ
˹ºܿƱԼҵ磬˷ҵ 
󣬰˹Ƶԭ𽥿Զּ磬̿Ҳ
Ȯ

緢ĿˣѧķչలȫЧ类
˳ڣǿָֹͨȾԼķ
ʹöִ˵ĽԼƽ˾޴áղɺ
˹¶ŵǰѾȥûлŵ 
ĹĿһʱıʷʷᡣ 

ΪཡҪŵȻӡһһ꣬ŵ
ίԱѵҽѧ˷˿Ȳ˹̩
գMax Theiler ̩ϷˣϷڽȥӢ
ȴҽѧѧʿѧλȻȥѧν̡ȴҽ
ѧѧо̩ڶԻȲоȲһӴĲ
Ⱦڷ޷ǳСһ꣬ʮļֲиŬ̩
ճɹз˻Ȳ硣һķ֣Чطֹ˻ȲС
״ѺѿӵķޣһĳǾ޴ĸ
̩գһ޵ĶӣΪ޴һöŵ£һ½
˵


  

ѧĴʻ⣬ôϤĿܾǹˡ˼
壬ǹеѧӦȷе˵ƶԽ˵ȫûбҪĹ
߷Ӧ֪ϵͳĺǰǵֿȾеĲԭ΢
ӶֹȾԼķǽӴĻʶ
ǶǽкĲԭ΢ʵϣԭ΢ֻռеĺСһ֡
ԣһ״̬£ǵϵͳֻЩԭ΢󶯸
꣬޺ʣ绨ۡʳƷȣӦһ£ǵ
ϵͳҲȷġĳЩ£ǵϵͳЩ
޺ûбҪĹȷӦֹ߷ӦĽǵ
˹Լ

Լڶ֯ںֱӽӴ֯
ƤϵݡϵͳĹϵͳʳȡһ
ȫ20%˻иָĹԼȻһ༲
ķձ飬һٶǰҪʶһԼȷʵѡһ
ΪǸʱԼûڳһ棬ΪҪǶ
ѧ֪ʶȱ

ʵϣѧҷֹһеԴĹԼ
һЩʵ顣Ҫһٶǰʮĩ˵

ʮĩ֮˹µĳɹзһֵֿȾ
ֶΡʱĵ磬һ㶼ͨ˻ּͨĲԭ΢
ǵĶеġΪȷЧֽһҪ
СЩְ߽ϸĵĿѧҹ۲쵽һ
Щڶνֺ˻صĺǿķӳ
ݿ˺

ȻһͬʱٿѧҷˣûܸһŷĽ
͡һ򵥵ĽǵһעĶصﵽܽܵ
Խע巴Ӧˡһûеõʵ֤ݵ֧֡
ΪѶεļһһԵע䣬岢ֶɹ
ȷӦ

һũ꣬ʮķѧҲ˹޲ءЪCharles 
Robert RichetʼоһȴˮĸеĶءЪĳЩﱻע
˵һܹ֮ٶԸöеڶСĶע
ͨʵЪ֣ҪһӦһκ
ڶεĽʱҪҡ ЪӼʱҪһ
⣺ҪʱԵһνֵĶؽĳִȻڵ
νֶʱǿҵķӦһũ귢һʵЪ
ʮ꿪չһϵеʵ飬һһЪӦһ
ΪϵͳԶع߷Ӧµ

ƶϳӦһһѵĹ̡ΪĽֱһֱ
һִʩӦȴǶкġӱк
е˼άתǳѡЪ֮˼άת䣬һ
ǻۣһӦù鹦չһϵеʵ顣һܿõ
˿ѧͬһһһʮЪ˻ŵ
ҽѧ

񽱽ǿʼһ屻ԽԽ˽ܡͬʱҲ
ԹԼ֪ʱ

Ϊȷ֪ԼĻƶõ˳ķչһ
꣬ѧDaniel Bovet ᰣΤŵҽ
ѧ񽱵ǼɳڷĽչ״κϳɿ鰷ĳɾ͡Τ
ѧңҩѧңҪҩĺϳɹ֮ᵽΤ
ΪϳɵĿ鰷ҩ

鰷ǹӦеһǳҪĽʣҪڷʴϸȼ
ϸڹԭ̼±ͷų鰷硢ˮ
⣬ 鰷ϻԵѪֲˮףƤϵķ
šУ鰷ʹεƽխѡ
ƽѪѹȶ֢״ԣһ꣬ΤϳɵĿ
鰷ҩöԹԼƽһµʱֱ죬鰷
ҩȻǺܶԼҪҩһ꣬Τŵ
ҽѧһҲ⡣

ģѪ

Ѫһܱ͹˶ʡֻǴ˲֪
ѪͺѧĹ޷ϵ

֪ѪǰҪѪͼֻһĹѪ߿԰Ѫ׸
Ѫߡ֪ABABOĸҪѪOѪȫܵĹѪ
ߣ԰ѪĸκѪ͵ˡABȫܵѪߣԽ
ĸѪ͵ĹѪߵѪҺеԭͺйء

ABABOѪ͵һIĻABԼOA
Bʽһ˵Ѫ͵ĻɷֱӸ׺ĸ̳
λġ˵Ӹ̳Aĸ̳B
ô˵Ѫ͵Ļ;ABͣ˵ѪͿԷΪ
֣A AOAAͣBͣBOBBͣABͣABͣ Լ O
ͣOOͣ

ôһѪǷܽһѪߵѪҺξأ
ΪǸвͬѪͿԭĿġAѪ˵ڣ
BѪԭĿ ͬBѪҲڿAѪԭĿ
壬ABѪûпAҲûпBѪԭĿ壬OѪ
ͬʱڿAͿBѪͿԭĿ塣ԣAѪ˽BѪѪ
ߵѪҺڵĿBѪ͵ĿϵѪߵĺϸѪͿԭϣ
ӶѪӦΪԭABѪ͵ˣΪûпAҲûпBѪ
ͿԭĿ壬ԷĵؽκѪ͵˵ѪҺOѪ͵ˣ
ΪûAԭҲûBԭΪκһѪ͵˵ĹѪߡ

ΪѪճҽһǳ飬ĸѪ͵ĻΪѪ
ṩ˸Եָԭ򣬴ӶߵĽ˾޴İôѪ
Ļ˭أҪᵽKarl Landsteiner (ʩ̩
).

ʩ̩һλµĿѧҡһũһʵ飬
һ˵ѪһЩ˵ѪҺУһֵѪ
Ѫ󡣸һʩ̩һũһABOѪ͵
衣ΪѪ͵ش壬һһܵ˿ѧӣ
ܶʵ֤һũ꣬ʩ̩һѪͼ裬ʽ
ABABO Ѫ͵ۡһ꣬ΪһѪ۵
شٴ壬ʩ̩ɶ˵ŵҽѧѧ

˵˳Ҫһǣ˷ABOѪϵͳʩ̩Ҳ
һҪѪϵͳ Rh ѪϵͳĹͬߡ

壩

˵Ϥ塢硢ѪͣľһЩרҵѶ
һЩѧʻ㡣Уһɡ 

һ꣬ʮĶIlyallyich Mechnikovڵ¹òʿѧλ
عʥ˵ñѧνʦãMechnikovİĹ
Ludmilla FeodorovitchȻFeodorovitchʱصķνˣMechnikov
Ȼѡһ𡣽Ϊ˰սʤħMechnikov뾡˸
ְ취һûпصʱǸȫŬ
ӻ뿪硣

ΪӵȥԼ״ѣ Mechnikovñ
ѡ˷ôѻƬķʽԼ˵ǣѻƬһֺ
ЧɱʽȻһ꣬ڶOglaˣ
µĻ¸ȥ󣬵ĵڶȾ˺ʱ
ûϴѡÿѧʵķʽоļ
ʹΪʱֶòӴѧ뿪ʱȻԼļｨһ
򵥵˽ʵҼĿѧʵ顣

ʮͣɼΪʥûռǿøɫֲ
ΪʥڵװΣMechnikovõľһ˰˶Ķ죬
˼һѧ⣬ǶζԸʵֺģ
ʱйһ뷨ڿܴһϸܳԵ
Ĳԭ΢Զϸԣһ㲡ԭ΢ﶼȽС
ϸɲ΢һֿҾõķʽԣ뵽һ
ʵѣѵó֤

ڣMechnikovԼʵ֤һ㡣Ѽǿ
Ĵ̵ļ΢СĲַŵ׳͸ĺ׳
΢¶Դ̼ں׳ڵй۲졣ڶ죬΢
۲쵽һȤ󣬾Ǹ̼ΧΧƶϸЩ
ϸԼΧӴ̼ЩڴѪǨ
ȾλİϸһӻȻʣӶЩϸ
ܵȾλϸļ裬Ҳһ״ġ
󡱣ΪϵͳԲԭһֻ߷Ӧ

ĶʮΪһҪ߷Ӧõ˿ѧ
ĹϡʮͳɺͿֱΪǴ߷Ӧֻģʽ
ȡϸߡ͡Һߡֲͬ߷ӦģʽΪѧӦ
˻ĿܡѧķչȻǶԡϸߡ͡Һ
ߡ˴޶Ȼ߷ӦҪʽûк
ϵͳ޼׵Ҫϸ߷ʽкϵͳļ
׵ҲȻǵϵͳҪһ

һũ꣬Ϊķ֣Mechnikovŵҽѧ
һӴ̡׳ŵϵϵǵľ
Mechnikovǻۡ





һһ꣬ŵҽѧ俨оĽίԱ
һ⣬Ǿõ걻ĺѡû˴ﵽŵı
׼ݹһŵҽѧӳٵһٰ䷢  ǣ
һŶ꣬ŵίԱͬʱ䷢ҽѧУһһ
ҽѧ䷢Jules Bordet, ˲塣

BordetǱʱˣһߩꡣʮ꣬ڱʱ³
ѧҽѧʿѧλȥ˷ɰ˹쵼İ˹о
˹ִ΢ѧѧĵˣ˹оҲǵʱһ
֮һ

ʮ°Ҷɰ˹Ϊĵһ΢ѧһ˶
˺ͶĸȾԼĶҲǴЩĶѧ
˿ѧ֪ʶͷ磬˹·Զּ磬
ͨ߶ķоѧĶģ͡ڵʱ΢о
һڵ¹ɿƺ쵼ĸȾо¹ѧ
ҿƺշ˵·ν˵Ľ˸˾ ƺҲΪ1905ŵ
ҽѧѧΪӦ΢ѧ룬ûƪ
ἰEmilvon Behring˿ءҲǿ塣

壨أķһ˷ܵ¼ЩĿܹк
һЩԭ΢ڵ²أ׺ء˷綾صȣǣ
²΢ﶼͨڶ²ģɰ˹·ֵĻһ
ǡôϵͳԸϸأ

ΪоϵͳԻһķӦ˹°ѷĻһע䵽
ڡ֣עһĶѪȻûкͶصĿ壬
ЩѪȻԻһеֿáһоѪԻһ
ͨѽϸʵֵġԣһ˵Զ߻һ
ѪвһϸѽʣʲкͶصĿ塣

ôϸѽνеأǸصķǿʲôء
˿ѧǵȤΪشһ⽫ʾһ
ݵʱǶѧ˽⣬ߵĶѪӦôԻһĿ
壬ȻֿûкͶصáôѪ嵼µϸѽǲ
ֿ鵼أûزһأһѣ
ΪǸʱѧһܰѪеĸɷֽз롣

һһ˾BordetһķȰ
ӱ߶ѪʮȼȣȻȹѪȥ
ϸּȹѪûѽϸʵ˵ڲ
ϸѽһǶȲȶʡ

һʵ飬ȹ߶ѪһûߵĽ
ȡѪ壬ϸֱѽˡһʵ˵ϸѽ
ҪɷɵģһǶȶأڱ߶Ѫ壻
һǶȲȶأѪ塣Bordetһ˽һ
Ʋ⣬ΪǸԱ߶Ѫȶؾǿ壬Ǹ
ѪĶȲȶһµʡΪiµǶԿ
õһ䣬Ϊ塱о֤Ʋȷ
ģҲǲ巢ֵԴ

֪岻һףһϵеĹܵסȻ
ϵͳҪһ֣ڵֿϸⲡԭ΢ķӦҪá
ܱüַʽϸĳɷ֡忹ԭĲҲ
ַʽԸԭ΢ֱӵɱ˺ͼӵյ߷Ӧ

ڻصһѪѽĹΰѽϸġ
һ߶ѪԻһĿܹϸϡڶ
ϻһĿܹ塣Ĳܹڻһı
γĤĲһϸ汻Ĥ
岽һѽ⡣


ߣ

ѧĺ⣬ҲߵĻԭ򣬾ϵͳξӦ
ǲӦܣģʣǵϵͳҪԲԭ΢
ҪӦһҪĳɷܡôϵͳ
֡ԼǡǼһǷӦܵأ

ϸʮһʵΪṩ

һ꣬R.D. Owen쵼ĿСڶ˫ţоʱ֣
󲿷˫ţĺϸǶʽڣ仰˵
жԷĺϸңȤЩţܽܶԷƤֲ
ųԵ߷ӦһȤ˵ϵͳǶĿ
ԭܣҲܶĿԭܡоϵͳԭ
ܣܰ̽ܵĻ

ѧҵȤΪ˵̥ڽӴ
ԭܹܡڶѧΪ˷ܲѵʱ
һȴ￴ԶĶǰĴǵĿѧ Frank 
Macfarlane BurnetBurnetܵĻ
ҿ쵽ϡ

BurnetԼ򼸺ûʲôʵ飬Ű˼
һۣܵ¡ѡѧ˵
ΪʲôϵͳĳɷӦԭǵϸ
ȻвɷַӦ翹壩ǱЩӦԵ
ϸǴ̥ڵʱԭӴֽӴЩϸ
޳Ӷܶɷܡ

ۺܿ͵õʵϵ֤Ϊ֤һۣӢţ
ѧĿѧPeter B.Medawarͬһ顣ʵ
ȰһƷϵA)СϸעһƷϵB) С̥
עBС󳤴ԺٰAСƤֲBСϡͬ
ϣBСٶAСƤųⷴӦ ԣһʵ˵̥ڽ
ĳֿԭϵͳͻԭܡ

һ꣬BurnetMedawar˵ŵҽѧMedawar
ĹҪʵ鷢֣BurnetĹҪۡȻ
ܵĻںõ˲ϵز䣬¡ѡһֱе
Ҳȷָ£ѧ˼ʮӶ
һ١

ŵʷϣҽѧһʮιѧ򡢶ʮ
λѧΪѧĽܳ񽱡ЩѧеУ
Ϊ̱ʽʵ鷢ֻ֡ǽΪ
ѧۣһ¡ѡѧ˵Frank Macfarlane Burnetһ
۵Niels K. Jerneѧ۶ڶʮ
ʮģһָѧ뿪Ǹڰʱ


ˣҪ֯ԿԭMHC

ʮͳϵ¶Ŵɱ·ֲõ˳ϣ˿ѧ
оŴȳСһֳõоCastelһ
캽ߡΪСŴѧĵˣѧСо״
ƤɫֲųⷴӦӵĵļCastelѧУ
˵ĹײòᡣһC.C.LittleĹױ棺
˵һϵСΪҽѧоṩҪĹߣ
JacksonsʵңСŴѧоƼһС
ŴѧҡڶG.D. Snell, JacksonsʵСŴѧ֮һ
ҲΨһŵߡ

SnellŵΪҪ֯Ը
MajorHistocompatibility Complex,MHC) ӡʮʮSnell
ǱСֲŴѧоһƷϵС٣Ƥֲ
һƷϵСϵʱͨΪųʧܡоֲųŴѧ
ĿǼֲųĻ򣬴Ӷֲųԭõʱ
ŴѧоͼSnellͬ·ֲųҪһλ
ƣλжͬĵλ򡣵СƷϵλ
ͬĵλʱǾܱܽ˴˵١ǽ໥ų⡣
1948꣬Snellͬ°λΪҪ֯Ը

ϸʮǶսʱԶսΪѧṩ
Ŀлŷ޵ܲһʱ򣬷ĿѧJean 
DaussetͲòȥӵҽԺֱսDaussetѪ
ĴĿѧоΪѪĵĸˣҪоȤѪϸ
ѧǰϸŴѧ1958ֲ꣬һϸ
ԭHumanLeukocytes AntigenHLA MAC,ҲHLA-A2ԽԽ
ϸԭ֡ҪǣDausset˵оϸԭ
ֲĳɹأ˵ҪֲųĻλ㡣

ԣȻֲͬеİϸԭСеҪ֯Ը
ʵͬһͬĹܡ˺С֮в֣ͬ
ҪΪֵʱĹܲͬһԣѧҷһµĻ
ʱֺͱֵġԣSnell
ΪҪ֯ԸDaussetΪϸԭһ
ͬЩ⣬е֡
߷Ӧɳίѧ Baruj Benacerraf 
ȡġ õBenacerrafǷ߷Ӧ


BenacerrafͬоĶˣҲС󣬶
ʮBenacerrafͬĸ
ԭǷ߷ӦǶֲͬƷϵͬһףһ
Ʒϵ߷ӦһƷϵûСо
֣Ƿ߷ӦҪһλƵģǰ
Ϊ߷ӦIr˸ȤǣͨŴѧȷ
λǿǷųⷴӦĻҲİϸԭHLA
СҪ֯ԸMHC

ԣSnellDaussetBenacerrafòͬоͲͬо
󶼼򸴺Ҳ˵򸴺Ŷ෽Ĺ
ܡЩܿͳһһ仰Ǿ͵߷ӦҲ
1980꣬ŵҽѧ䷢˵ɡ

Ҫ֯Ը߷ӦеҪõķ֣ѧҶ
򸴺ý˸оBenacerrafȷھǷ
ӦļһҪþͱˣһֵ
ǵʱĿѧPeter C. DohertyRolf M. Zinkernagel

һ꣬ʿҽZinkernagelԼȤٴ
ѧоһ꣬ʮЯȥ˰Ĵǹѧѧʿ
ѧλ˱Doherty һĲʿΪͬ
ȤͻоǾоԲϸ߷Ӧ

ϸ߷Ӧɿ鵼Һ߷ӦͬҪԵϸڵ
ԭ΢粡ʱȻ֪Բϸ߷ӦҪϸ
TϸԸȾвϸнɱɵģ̵ԭ


Ϊо߷Ӧԭǲ˵ʱΪȽCr51ͬλͷ
ȾвϸѽòͬƷϵСо߳
ϸ߹еáܿ죬ǵоһȤֻϸ
Tϸ͸ȾϸMHCʱϸTϸܶԸ
ϸнɱ仰˵MHCϸTϸǷܹԸȾϸ
зӦһDohertyZinkernagelһʮһ
һžŵҽѧ

Ȼλ֣ͬڻ϶緢ֵ
֣ҲҪ֯ԸMHC֪MHCһ
ӣһȺӡݹ֣ԷΪMHCI࣬IIIIIӡI
ӱڼϸı棬ϸ߹ҪãII
ڿԭʵϸı棬ҪԭʵݸCD4Tϸ
IIIһЩϸӺͲӡڹȥһٶŵҽ
ѧΰ䷢˺MHCֱصĹܹһ߷ӣ
MHCֻпˡңҪ֯ԸĹܻûбȫо
Ŷһоû׼иľϲ


ţToll

ϸʮݴѧУHeppnerWeiss
һԸԾûСƷϵC3H/HeJСȤǣ
C3H/HeNƷϵʵСȴԸԾĸȾеֿ
˿ѧҵȤΪζC3H/HeJƷϵܷܿһͻ䣬
ͻ˶ԸԾҵͻ䣬ô
ζſ԰˽ϵͳζԸԾġ

ʮŴѧͷѧļ죬ʮŬ
ѧҲֻܰλСĵĺȾɫϡֱͰ˾ʮ
ŷŴѧķչһžŰ걻˳
ݴѧҽѧ Bruce A. Beutler쵼ĿС
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BeutlerŬTLR4ͬʱԷһJulesA.Hoffmann쵼
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֪ܰ״ķĻһž꣬Hoffmann
˹ӬTollҲǸӬȾӦĻ

ȤǣȻС͹Ӭܴ֣BeutlerС
TLR4HoffmannڹӬTollźܴԣ
ͬһ塣ҲΪֱС͹ӬͻԵо
һķ֣Toll塣ֲϸϸ
Toll壬ǷֱܲͬϸϸڵĲԭ΢

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ϸһЩϸӡӶǿԲԭķӦԣ
ϸòɱԭ΢ʱToll鵼߷Ӧ
ǰ̵ضԲԭ΢з Toll鵼߷Ӧ
Ȼ߷ӦҪһ֡ΪҪķ֣ Beutler Hoffmann
˶һһŵҽѧ


ʮͻϸ

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ܰBϸİTϸ

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ҲԣͻϸķֵõŵίԱͬźǣڶ
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ֵ俨оίԱῼǵġ

ŵӹעѧֵĻôTϸķп
񽱵Ĺһܳ׵ձѧS.Sakaguchi

ԴӰĴǵѧFrank Macfarlane Burnetʮ
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ֻ˷ý

ŵίԱӹעٴӦüֵĻôӢѧM. 
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ϣΪ԰ƵĻ߽ʹࡣˣFeldmannΪ
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ѧһѧϣFeldmann SakaguchiǵĽܳ˾ʵ
عԱ档Feldmannı󣬻᳡һʱݵؾĬ󱬷
ҵַӦǶΰԶľ⡣걨
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Ե֣ԵԵ۾Ե֡

ŦԼ


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