                           ˿µϣ2016415գ

16.04.12-14ûи
16.04.15, ˿20164º
ʫܺ꣺
ţඡɽǻۣϡ񣺡ܳ¿ΰ
˿¶Ǽʳ֮ңһƪ԰ȥ
Ǭơѧֵı׼𣿡 ѦεĵӲ
͡տǳ̸ѧѧô򷴿ѧ
16.04.15, غϼ1032016.04.01-05



ԡԡԡ¡ԡԡ˿ԡԡԡ
Σţסԣȣңţģӣ

ڶڣ
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˿ΪĻۺϿѧʷءѧơ
յȷĿǰĸ̶Ŀţʡۣ˿
¶ʫ衢ɢġС˵Ǭʷܡ֪ʶСƷ
͡͡˻רѡÿʮճ棬ڳ
ר

ҳʰ棺󣮣硡
ڰ棺󣸣磮
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Уӣѧ˾壮

졡
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졡
ܡ꣺졡
졡
Ѷ졡ܡꡤ
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졡͵ſڡ 
ඡɽǻۣϡ 
񣺡ܳ¿ΰɡ졡Сȸ׷Ҹ
졡һľ
˿¶졡һ߸
졡ݲ
Ǽʳ֮ңһƪ졡Ҹָ
š԰ȥ졡졡֮

Ǭ졡һһ
졡ʼ  ƻ
ơѧֵġ졡Ҫȥ
׼𣿡 
  ѦεĵӲˡ졡ϻ
졡ϻ
͡
    
տǳ̸ѧѧô򷴡
ѧġ

Ѷסססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

ĽPSI-˿սȽ߷Ƚ߱֡
лʢǱ¥ϵṩ˻ƣȷУû
Աĳ

ԭ̨ŵĿ־̰תƷ
թƭϴǮһ£򱱾Ժߣ־ӷ
̰Ժ

ѧStephen Owenðʱ佫ִʫ1400ȫӢģ
Ӱأhttp://www.degruyter.com/view/product/246946

ţסססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

          ǻۣ

      ඡɽ

ҿ˹ᣨArturo Castilioniдһҽѧʷ˵
֮Щӹҽäӣô仰

ʱһʱҪҪۣڽܽ
Уڽΰ͵ĿͶԭ򡣡׵ͽ
ѭ峬ѭľ񡣡

˹ʱԾ̫ǰҳﶼҲӦ֣֪
˵ġʱʲôʱ²ңܲŪ
ʱΣһתûҪ

Ϊֻ壬ᾫġѧ硱ʵĳʱ
ëҲĳеë֮ҽëһǧ
֮ոڵŷȻëʹڣϺܶط
Ȼ˽͵ĵ伮֣ôҲѧ͵̽
µ磬ǰĵ·

е˱ҲΡΪʵԡ

֮ԳΪͣΪй˵̽͸սδ
֪ܲгɼܴµ֪ʶϵ

ϧ˱Ͼµˣֻͽ
ڡӹˣȻƳ³£ֻಽʳŲ


ڹŴӹ˻ǿػһѧɣע͵ӡ
ΧҲûɶƴľǶԹżϤ̶ȡܰѹżÿһ
ŷŶ֤飬˼û㵱ʦ

˵Ŵ֪ʶըԭ׷׽ϵĴ
֪ʶ׷λôյ˵ŹżӵˣӦû֮
ˡ

ҲδءҪʲô⡣

ڡӲѧ򣬹żûгˡӲѧ˼˵Щѧ
оԣǿԾȷġܾȷп͹۱׼п͹۱׼
ѧƵۣԴͱȽжϡ50ȾǱ40ȡ200Ǳ180
ѹߡȥ񣬱𵽿ѧ͡

ԣӲѧ򣬱ѧģʣЩط
ùż

Щҽѧ٣ٴҽѧҽѧ
ѧϸĿɲԵģûżʲô¡
ٴҽѧûôμ

ٴҽѧоǲϵĲһҪ֢״֢״һ
۸ооû͹۲ģͷʹͷΡļ¡ƣЩû
˵40ȵͷʹ200ơ

ң˵ĸоӰ졣һͷʹʦѧʱ
øʹ˵Լ۾ÿͷʹʱܶࡣ

Ϊģٴҽѧ飬һ˵ǶԻǴûп͹۱
׼ȫƾԼġооԺģԣ׻ᱻ
á˵κˣֻҪԳƶҽѧȻơҵҩ
á˾ͺܵʾһҺȥľ
öˡ

Ȼ󣬹죬߹ܷã֢״ˣȬˣоͿ
ʾˡ

ԣ21ˣӲѧܱԭӵǧ֮Ƶͨܵ
½ӡΧӮְҵŶѡ֣˵ٴҽѧ
ĸ壬һ޴ĻȦȦżûйʱ
ǧǰĹŴҽѧۣȻȦŲɡ

ʵκ˵ԴжϣֻҪģռ䣬û
ƴʦĲ͡ЩʦļܸƣɹҲơ
ĵطͱȻִͳҽѧࡣ

ҲΪģԣҽѧһص󣺵ԡ˵
˵ӡҽѧҽѧͬһͬҲܿ
һɣҽҽ

ƤٺҲ֯һӡѧǡѧ
ЩӲѧơӲѧԶܾȷǶԴ׼ȷжϡ˵
ˮһѹ100ȷڣ֮ͳһĴ𰸡˵ӡȣ
ͬǾˮͬһѹ120Ȳŷڡ

Ӳָ꣬û˺ƿռ䡣

ʵΪαѧһжϱ׼ĳѧǿԷֳ
Եģ硰ӡҽѧǡ͵ѧĶѧ
ѧĳףǿѧ

˵͵ѧǡԽѧѧơûɶһ
ڼԽѧҲԳдǿѧڽ̴ʦ˵ǵǳԽѧġ

ǿѧĶʫ黭⣬ҲֻӦʫ黭⣬
β÷ǿѧĶβ黳;˵
ҾͲ˵ˡͺҪĸβ˿вͬ
Ƿɲֹ˸ԼιĸȨǾֻȥ
ȥһ¿˹ᣬ˵Ǿ仰ʱӦȥԹ
ǻ۵źäӣǸʱСȻСǲݸУ
żʿѧλСңţһʱ᲻ʧֻҪٴ
ҽѧ֢״жЧЩżʿǾܻҵʩչҵ
Ŀռ䡣


                    ܳ¿ΰ

                          

ͯܳĹ²֪ʼںʱµϺСѧ꼶ġ
вܳĿġµĳǳ١־塭꣬
֮ǡʱȨ´̫֪أ֮Ⱥ£Īܳ
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ܳĹ¿Դڷ𾭡ѧΪȨϽز
Ȩ´󡱲ܳhttp://tieba.baidu.com/p/123687582й
вܲ⡢ڣֺ֣ʹī˾ϡԲ
ɵȻߣû֤˭Ҳ˵˭

˵רʵؿ֤ܳصسڴһ־أ
ë£ضʮΧ顣κ־Ȩ¾
ܲ٣С1800ƽԭĺƽԭڻƺ
䣩սޡˮħëܳص֮˵ܿ


Ҳ۲ܳµ٣ֻӽĽǶȿ졣ܳΪ
ѡģӦõĿǿѧɡһ̰ơڳ޲ܳʱ
˵ǻۡ䲻ڴСؼҪڹ۲죬Խ취СҲ
¡ѧʦ˵˵ܳôڹ۲족ģô
Խ취ģ벻ôش

֮Ƚϣ¹Сѧ˹Ĺǣʦ1ӵ100˹1
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٣ȷδĸ˹ȷʵǴѧң˹㷨Ϊѧ
ܣƹ㵽10ӵ50100֮͵ȵȣ
ʱֻᷢǵȲе͹ʽ

ܳûпѧãǿֻСˡ

۲ܳµ٣󷽷ĿܱЩأһ˵
ܳøԭˮƴ׾ٽ˳ص⣬
ǸɵһԾӦá˵Իƣ1800ǰйѧ
ԾӦá

ܳҲˮأˮ裩ˣƯз롢ȡ
ʱ½ɴ˻仯Ķ
ʵˡ

飺װغֻֻҪˮ״̬ͬ
ȡ֪ʶãΪ˼ôҲŪ׵Ķ
ʼںʱϾܳ岻д飬ܲµĹԱǳ
ڴҲд顣

֮ȷȨһ£ֱӻӸ󷽷ӦǴ
Ϊĳԭ򸽻ڲܳϡܳ12꼴ᷢ˲ɷòܳˣ
¿ԵΪֹ

Ȼ˳󷽷һʩУȻôûдļ¼أ

һʩΪ˲ܲٿõʩеѶȡڷѱ
ҡεĴʵʵشž¡ʵеװ
װϴҲ£ʦڲ˵㲻þ󷭡

ִڴסСβõĹ淶ˮ߱־ںʱⴥס
ϻԲˮ߶ӦĴˮˮ߱仯ʱӦĴ
ˮ仯װж

ŴȻûĳˮ߱־󷽷Ҫ󡰿ˮ
ˮ㡢㣬ڴദˮۡĴȽϴ
СȥɿˮۡҡڲʹÿˮҲףǵ
½ʱͿϺۼ

νֱ̰֮˵ʯͷǡ͸¶󷽷Դ
ڴ˵ʯͷʣȴǴ󱿵ˣʯͷҪϰ£ܲٵӡ
Χֳ߲ɵġ롱ֱϴ´ֿݡ

ܳʵֵûɡԴ飨ǳٶܳǻۣ
Ϊĳ󷽷ȻԭȷȴǲʩУʷʵʩûв
ĹµȻΪСѧķġ 


˿¶ססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס


                   ʳ֮ңһƪ

                            Ǽ

1.

ߵĶʮĩĳ죬Ǽ⾰Ϊҵͺڰӡ

ҹͷ˳ŶͷһС壬˿˿ģ
ܲ

߷ְҵȼһ֧򣬽ȡů

·Ͱ͵Ŀӣһ˫ֻѸٵĴŴ߶һ
ЬʱʱֵĿ־壬ΪԲôļУҸеʮ
ֺ͹¶

ײڼǲڼ齫ϵǷݿҡ

֪ǶĲҵĸףҹ޵ġһ֪˺
ǮĿԽԽǷһƨծĸ׾Ȼг𱨳𣬴
ôվΪײڼңȱһ

ĸ׺͵ܵһֻΪǵ͡

˵ﻰûԸûӵһֻʳðװֵ
һֻʮƯҲٹʮʮ᳤꣬ñǻ߻׳
˭˵أΨһ˵ǵθǵθڸǣ⣬
Ҫ⣬ǲûԣһֻĸùӴͷѪ

ǴﻶӭΪǵֻͣ٣Ӷࡣ

ĸ״һֻʱҺ͵ܵܺ޲óһס¾ʾ
ĵļòϣվһֻҹҲ˱
úܶࡣ

ܸܵĸһҲû뿪ݣ·ѾͻȻ
Ȼܵ򾲾˯ض򣬲ĹâﲻʱԾ
һЩʳӰ

ĸ׵ĹӵܳʱһӾԼ·
ֳܶθһƬһƬ

˵⻹Сȴܹǻı飬
ЩΪ仰ѣڸҺҵļ𡣼Ǯ
ȥĲˣòǮǵθ

ͺһңԶԽԽҺҵĸףԴӼ
ݽѧĲԺϵİξͳͳˣһ˵ҸҲͳͳ
ήûɲ޸ףûɲ齫

ڣһɫζⱻϲصϢ
ǵļǺһ㡣ѹ˴ĺҹһ
⣬վںҹһ֧򣬵ȼǵĺʱܴ
ϵļ

Һ͵ܵܶȲؽһ鱻ը۵Уý
ζڴ֮ǰҴûԼ⣬ҴûԼ᲻
Ϊ󡣼ʶÿһ˶󣬲Ұ
ߴϣһǵԺͻ᲻سһť
ťȥһй˳˵Ļٶǵﳤ˳
֣˺

Ϊĵͳߣӿĳ޺޾Ϳ
˵һ㣬۵Ʒĵͬ飬Ӧ
ǰһɽƵﲻȥǵﶫ
ءΪˣĻʱʱĵȼǣڼ
ĳȼա

ȷǸͷԴǣеľңҿ
磬ھŵ׼ȷ˵һ⳴˿Һ
ֻܵܶõʱǳĸ׵Ķͷҫţ
һΪȶĸסĸ׵ĿӺٶ⣬
ܿ챻Һ͵ܵһɶҴűãõ͸е㡣

ܣüĹ޴ڣƶǳΪʳ֮ҡ

2.

Թĸ׿زסҺ͵ܵܣҪǲҪѳ
ųȥȻѾܽǶ޹ءĸ׵ĻԼ
࣬ᡣ

ǣһֻԭȥٴλ˹ǵĸ׵Ļ
У걨ǶɵĪ˺

ڳأǵǱʶ֮Уһֳ裬ĸ׵ĵģ
һʳ֮ҪͬٵΣһֱƶҪµ޴
ڣʳ֮ҵȥᣬˣЩ֪
ǵˣʹᳰЦǣҲǸоĳ˺ܱһ
˺϶ǣǾ˺Լǲʳ֮ҵܴ
ȥ

ܳǵһȥܾͻǵڴ
ҰϣڴҡСǼֹҲԸԼܵ
һֽһͱơ

Ȼ˭Ҳ޷ѳɶֵʵڳΪʳ֮ҡ
ʳҲķʽ׽ǵֱ꣬ǵںҹһһ
䰵һܲ͸İ̺ۡ

ڴϣ˯ߣǱܿھαܿʳ֮ҵ÷ʽʣʳ
ǸеԼĿ£еĿ£ΪȻ԰Ǵǵ
ϵȻ԰ǵһ޹˼ɵ󶴡

ǵһ󶴣ִַֻǴġ
һֻǵļһ𣬷ű˴ԶԻ󡣺
ԻֱӰ쵽ҵ˯ߡǵģйģҵĶģ
ȭͷ˹ȥѹһˮϸ


һ仰ڴΪüΣ˲Ҫ¡
ҳԽƽնĶĺͳޣԼڲϵζ
壬θﲻɵһ󷭽һֻ󻹰Ȼػš
дһܰĴͬ˵һֻ
һܰĴңܻһҪĴ

ĸ׵֪ǳ⣬ԸǲҪţ˵ǷԸ
˵һǵȻôǵȻôɵ

ĸ׵Ļĸ׵һ⣬Ϊʱ޷ֱ˭˭
עƵһ𣬲ٿǵ˼룬Ǿԣ
Ϣظֱһֻߵͻָ
ǵ˼ж

ҹΪһֻΪʳԵر˯
֮е壬ܿҵ壬ʱԼʱһֻèʱ
һֻΪԵޱ󡣲ҵ壬ͬڵܵܺ
ĸʵķšͻȻһ¾˴ˣ
Լ޳Ҳһ֨֨֨֨֨֨֨֨֨
أأء

ȻֵǣҲûԼ˼һôˡ

͹۵˵ܺóԣһζںܳʱûմӣ
·˾Ϲϡûг֮ǰһֱΪϹ
óԵĲȣ֮Ҿ⡢Ϲ϶Ҫó


˯ʱ򣬹׵ķٴδܶͿ׵
ɵøš֨֨֨ؽ˼Ǵҵĺ﷢ģ
Ҷֻڸཻͬ˵Ϻܿ㰲
ļͿ־ݶϿ˸Ǻܿ˯ˣʳ֮ҵڴ
˺

ҡܻܵĸ׵壬ں嫵ȺһԼһһֻ
èһһֻ󡭡ƶζֻԼ

3.

ײڼңǺڵġڼң͸ˡ

С¸ףҲ޸ף޸׶ģ޸ҹҡˮǴߣ׶
ԽԽծҲԽԽࡣײڼңҺ͵ܻܵСһȻ
ĸ׵šʵڿסˣšӡôأծ֪
ݣվԺɤźܴӹƶ˽費
Ǯ׽Ķѣ˲ԭĽ涼ϣˡ

ԼʵҲ֮٣ϾòǮծĸ
һޣǱҲſᣬǻҪޡ޲ܽ
⣬ǻҪޡޣٿͷеǳٿں
ϣʱҵһ˿˵ĸо

ײƺĿöһö˶˵ļҰ˵ҲǱ
һֻȻ˺򣬵ܵļ尾ݵġ
ʹûҪծҲһоһɳأܸо
Ŀؿǡ

ѧʱĸǶ·СġЩծ˱
ǡҺܺ¡һʱ䣬ҼҶԻؼҡʹһˣ·
Ҿͻܵ·ԶһƵܡ

ţҵĶ䣬ҵҵıӣҵ֪֫˱仯
һ㣬۾һԼȻֱһֻŵû
ɢûпޣܵñȷ绹죬޻ӰҵҰ޻Ӱҵ
ٶȣ޻ٴαΣҲΣҼޡ

һŬһΪֻȥеˡʳ֮ңڣ
ȴһֻһʱ䣬ȷԼݡˣΪʲôҪ
ôСΪʲôһ˺£ΪʲôҪҵΪʲôһ
˺;ΪʲôԸϹϣ

ܻؼĿ־Ȼֹȴ֮ûиĸף
Ըߵܵܣһֻ󣬱ùӴǷŵ
˳ԡҲģΪǵͬࡣȻȴ
εعĵף˿죬ճһ
ϣͳͳӡԸ⣬ǵƶ
ǱǸװǱЩøѧĲ


Ѿ󣬵ų⣬ǰҹ
ÿ춼ǵظӣ·Ĳ˻һŴϹϣ
Ϻ𣬵Եöˣͱ˿ģȻζҪࡣ

Һ͵ܵܿʼصȴһֻڤڤ֮Уǿʼ
Ǹɾģκǵļ˵ǵļǵ
ĸײ˽ǵ˼֪ĸ׵ǳڼҺ͵
ܼ԰ضڸֲֻᡣ˵׵ĴھյĴڣ
úԶֻżϳֵƺǲע⡣
ףǸΪעǵƶͼΪѾһ޷ıʵ
ϵЩͽˣźͺӣֻƨ㲻ϵ


ʳ֮һѾһ޷ıʵʵһ
Һ͵ܵܳܵˡҲʵҿĳأ
߳ܡ߳ܡȻҵھܾ󣬵ҵļȴϥ
һֻ˵ԭʼʹ衣

ò˵ͼѧϰĶΪһγ⡣Һܿ
һѧһּȴʵõĲʽһʯ壬һЩʳһ
ӣô򵥡ĵطڼڰɽ֡ǲ
֣ÿֻ⣬˵ҪЩûؼιè˵ҲҪ
ιèҼҾһֻܴèҼҰúܽıȴûøһֻ
ֱһҵҴţԶŵһ˴ߵ㣬
֪⣬תȥô˼𴩱Ļأ
壬οǶʳ֮ҡ

4.

ҪˣɽĺҹúܼܿѻèͷӥĽڴ
εƽͨӻţ·һ˵Ĺº¡

ǹ£¡֪һ˵ƽͨӵˮҾ֪
Ҫʼˡĳĳĳĳǰ˵ĳĳӵ飬Ҿ֪
Ǹ˵£˵Լ£Ҳ˵˵¡ܹ»£
Щ¶ƽͨӵģȻӲ

ķܴ׼ȷ˵һƬ֣еӱǵȻ
ʱϲ׽ӳ档޾Żߵʱֱ
·ȡ·棬·Ե֣ҲԵվͯļ䡣

Һͱ绹ﾫǵ壬һεķ֮Һͱ
͸ӵ׽ĬˡΪǵĸֵܣ
ѪҺΪǶʳ֮ҡ֮ԶҵķֱֳĬΪ
ȷű϶֪ҵļûʲôèҪеĻҲֲè

һõʯ̫̫أҺͱﶼѹɣ
Կ϶ûԵģֻðЩӵԶԶġ˵ܴ
ǷԼģ˵ʧܱѪܵõöࡣ
ͬĹ۵㣬ңԿ϶ǣһ죬ǶԼͬ
ιè¡

ÿѧ֮ҡܵܺͱ綼Ҫ鿴ǵʤʵ
ʼӣ鲢һ˳Ҳȷʵõ
ȱ绹࣬ƺǸԸѡ񵽱ԭ粻
ףһЩݹ᲻úײǣ
ֲأ᲻úײǣһȻ

Ϊ˲ҲسΪģߡƨ棬ģߺ͸ƨ
űʵģѧϰƨΪֺá˻رģ
Ҳ츳¶ƽÿֻʱÿһʯ涼
һֻʱһʯֻ󡣲˵ֻ
һԣҪǷޣֵܣôţЩۡ

˴ﲶĸüЦһ˵Ҳ֮ʢ
٣Ҳǳ˵Ϲϡô˵϶
ϹӪḻһֻֻʳ֮ҵˮʧӰ١

ѧУøӳĬԣԸһֻӬһһֻ
죬ҲԸҵͬѧ졣ûʲôõĵطֻǲԸ
ԼԸԼ˿һפǵĻ֡ҵƶҹ
ѧغԱΪûиĻ飬⻨ʱԺ
ԺһҪ뿪Զ߸߷ɣҽҪǮһҪ
ܶĸ׻Һ͵ܵܳԡ

ҲϲμҲϲΣΪƺζͰ͵·
˶Ьӿܻ᳹ױ¶ڹ컯֮¡ѧУҳǸȥ
ߵˡŬάҵϡϣ˵ף
ʱҾȻϣû׵ġ

ڣû֪뷨Ҳû֪ʳ֮ҵܡΪ

5.

ȻǵļûΪÿ춼ܳԵֹ

ǳͬʱǵθȻţûȥ
ԭˮݣǣģҾȵطĳЩϰԣʵ˵
ֵøΪ쾡£ҲΪпᡣ

Сѧҵ꣬һͬڰͬѧָҵı˵ۿҵĸ
˼ҵ͵ͩӣܻظͬѧ˵ҵĸ˵ҵĸ
һֻģ˵һ˶˵꣬λͬѧֺؿҡ

Ҽֱˣ޲õλͬѧǣȭͷ̧һɲ
ǣסˡ֪ҿԽñˣԸ⡣ǽҵַ
£춼齫ȹĸף˶Щҡ
ܻĸ׳µ۾ˮ

ֱڣҲûĸ֤£ּƺ˵
λͬѧû˵ѣһʳ֮ұصĲҺͱ
һɵʵѾҵĸĥ󡣼ծ̨
ÿҪծ˱ȸϼĻ࣬ײʼ£ĸΪһͨͨ
ũŮˣʲô취ΪҺ͵ܵܽڿֵһѧѣ

Ǯȡ裬Ϊѧѣһ궬죬ĸײ֪
˺ܶͩӻǼûôͩӣ֪ĳ̶ֳ˵
ĸڰҺ͵ܵȥĸױѡǼҶìܵģû
ʤѡľ

һ궬죬Һ͵ܴܵĸˮϣ
һѾ˽ᣬֻǣĸ׵ĲӻûȥǶ֪ĸʲ
ôҺ͵ܵܶˡʱĸȴЦŲᣬ˵ȥֵ
ǣϤĻǣĸ
ò˵Ķˡ

ӡĸײֹôһΣǺܶΡ˵ǽѡ
ǣΪҺ͵ܵܣΪͻС죬ĸװԼĸѡ
ΪԼΪӡ

ô꣬ĸһֱΪӣһֻּǿš
ǵģҿԿĸϵƣ޷ĸĸ׵ҹܵʹ
ͼ尾һλĸףʵڲõȥۡʣĸ
¶ģԼ磬ҲҵΪҴһ
ӣҵĿԸܵ¶Ⱥͻʵڹʧ
硣

˵ȥʥͣȴûڡҲòڣڣ
ǰʱԻ

ʳ֮ңʱǵͬ࣬Լ˺Լ

ʣ˺󣬾˺һһΣ
罫ԼСһļһιܵҵĲһü۵
Цţȴ档Һ޵ܵ޴ֲ֪ҿԽ
ͷѪԸ⡣ײڼңƤЦⲻЦĲҫı
磬Һ͵ܵܲòѡҲܵı粻Ǻ
ﲶǸ硣ڱܵܣûиĸף֮ҵȷ
ôˡʱ꣬ҲɵõȻһЦһ£ȿһ˾
˻򵥡Ҳ˵ֻһ۵Ц˵ķ
Թߡ˺ѾԶԶԶ˵ĿƷΧѾԶԶʳ
֮ܶ˺ζֿܣһǳԽһ
ǻ

ʳ֮ҡǿѵӰһԢƣڳ
һƺٸңǴ߳ģΨһ
ڶвȷһԱǶЩǳԵ
ҵϿµĺۼʶǣȴһʶҡ
ʶ΢Эһִް
ۣ

ˣ

6.

ʳ֮ҵӰһҡоǱ֮
ʹҸϧµҪһңһޡҲһסַ
ͣٵĸ塣ʳ֮ҵĸ壬ҵԽܡ
ʵϣߵҶϲӰҲϲЩΪǵ
һĽЩǾˮˣΪǵײḡף
ǵĻﲻһ졣ãã˺֮ѰҵĹޣҲ
ãã˺Ѱҡ

ĸˣǵĳɳԭҲõʲôԶĲ֮
ٴλصߣڱ˺ˡĴΪҺ͵ܵѧѡ
һֱ2010졣ſڵһҽ˸׵
ȥĸĲѣ˭Ҳû뵽һ˾ȻǰԶ
ʧ

һ£ҲǸȥǰһ¡ڶĵһһμң
׺ĸ׶ڣֻˣȻֻһææµµ

֮󣬼˷ݣһڴ
ķݣǸΨһļͲƸĸ˵Ǹִˣ
һжþʲôҪáȥǰ£үү
ոȥꡣΪ͸׳ܣĸ׺ũҩҽԺȹԺ
Ժ󣬸׳Ǯ⣬еһмϴιɨأ
Լķʽֺĸס

£׿ڸҵġҪһȥǲҪܣ
ѣ˵￴ģŻ˵¸ȥүүйء
ʵ˵ҲţʱδŵĻϣΪֻѡ
ɽһΪвƽı£µ
ܶ࣬ƽźʱڼҡУǸˡȴû
аŵĻϡһ֮󣬸׾ͳ⡣ٴλͷ
µʱһжˣոտʼոտʼס·ĸ׾ǡ

ĵҽ㰢£Ȳѡ

С˵鹹С˵ȴ޷鹹ҵ˵
ǽЩҲҴȥҲҴҵдһʳ֮ҳĳ֮
дԶֽϡ

ԽԽˡϼƽسǵһ¶㳡Ȳʱ
Ҹ˵죬μϵѧɷȥկ
Ȼӳɶֱӷġĵúܾˣ϶˵ʵϣ
Ǹϲ˵ˣһ죬˵˺ܶࡣʵһֱЩ
ҵĿѣֻһΪЩҵ
˷ḻҵ˹

һһֱлǣлʳ֮ҸҵԺꡣҿʳ֮
ҵӰһԣʱֲʱʱתˮʱֹ
ͣͷϵվҵͷϣԶԶң
ҳ׷ˣʹת뿪

ͬסʳ֮ҸڵӰһңΪҵע
⣬ʱΧ˵壬һֻصѨ

7.

ʵ󲢲£Ȼҵָҧкܳһʱ䣬Ҷ
ڵԼһֻҵƶûұ󣬹»Ҳ
һֻ

ڹʳ֮ҵƪֱڵģҳʱӵĴҲֻ
ڴ˽ޣҲҪﶨӡԶȺҽ
˵̸ֽҲдҵţոµĿǰְ
ҵкܶˣҵ˺ѣǲ֧֣ԡ
ȻִΪҺ

ʱ꣬Щҵﳤһô꣬
δ¡˵ʳ֮һͥ澳ķ˶ڼıܷӦ
һι˺˵ôдһ˼Ķһ
˫ؿ飬һ羰֣ߣһιڼĳ;
СѡдΪ˸Լ˵ԼĹȥ˵д
ֳֻܱĬҵĻԶԶûҵ־ʣΪѡõȨ
һԷޣǵİ˺ű˴ˡ

Ĭܲ⣬Ҫ˵˵;ұĬ
һ㣬ҳĬѡĬɡҲų˵˵ķʽܶ࣬
ѡд뿪촽ʱѾˣ̤ϸֽһ̿
ʼһһǻšܶʱҶԼﴴ
أָоǱʳ֮ҵҪһ
ƴÿһǲһ;ͬ顣ʳ֮
ʽ֮Ѿ׿ȻԽԽˡһ
ҪúûţúõػȥΪˣҲΪԼ

ڴĴϣȺЩһһġǡ
ҺȻҪЦȴ鲻Խᡣ



                         İɣ
                         

һƲ䣬ȥͲӣһ
޴ħðУеĽһ˶ԴǰĹ
ĩһֻǿðĲǣʵ̫С̫ˣһ磬
Ҳҡڿһƽͨ
صĻ飬һкǡãˡʱ
һֻ̰ƤڴϴӴ˿ѯˮĴ˵ѯʺƽͨ·
̻ͩӵѯʱ鲼ֵĸַεĲ
ѧΰѹ¶ȴڽӽмŲõĻ𻨣
۶ãȻǿ˸ɳĻʯǣҲֻע
һЩɽȼĻҳƮյһƱ̣Ų۵ļӲظ
ˡ

żҳģΪֹļҲйصģҶˣ
˺ѷΣžĿͷιҡµʱ򣬺һ󲡣
ҽԺסһ²źáҸãĸֻ˵ܵܣụ̂
ֻг԰ǡĸܰ˵ҳôߣó˺ö౳¨İǡ֪
ǶҲŸġ׺ĸ׸ոճɼңּҵʱ򼸺ûУ
ǮǴӣңƼҵٶϲң˵ҵ
Ǻ˵ģһĸ˶ڣߵŶ
ұڱϡûĸ׺͸ߣҽ⹫ţԸؼ
ˡʼѧУʱ򣬷ѧҲǱżܡԸɽҲ
Ըع·ϵļҡĸ׻ǸףҶЩİ
İܵһЩҺܱˡ

ƽͨѾʼףֲĸȾǵ˵ȥ㲥ﷴ
İ֣˺üʮ졣һͯڣҴĸ
ŮʽЬű˵Ƭڣ޵ӡһž
ۻعһգۻع顣ƬЦúϲ£죬ǿӱȽС
ҵС֣ӡ

ʱƽͨӱҪ峺ȵö࣬ĸ˷
ԺӶֺģȦݵζңܸоĳʪ
һ뵡ɫ顣һʼյİ߲ͳ¾ɸУԡ
Ӿǳڴﲻ׼˽ȥֻʱ÷ӿϳ
ƫӳɤڶ԰ȥϴ裬ɵĴޣ
ûңҲºʲôˮǵԼԼˡ˦˦ſڰɹ
̫ʱץһɳӾЩСƨ̫Īˣ
ԼͶһֽţˣԶҲ

ʵҶƫӲȤ˵ϰҲΪ
ﱻ˱֮ҸȤ̫ɽԺϴǸ
εŮˣȤǻĶ̬һã
Զĵطһ˫۾ǡĺɫŨҿǵ
һǸŮƺ˵ʲôԵʮᣬ·һֻ޴Ķ䡣
ſװؿȴһĻڿڼУڻ
ԾҾ鷢ԼǱЩʲôѵֻӵ
ǡҵĸסĸף̫Ŵ򲻿Ǿƽͨ
ˮһ͸峿һ롣

滹û£ݣܼܵһ˳졢ͨ죬
ײҽŸսžͿ§ĸ׽ǣˢѻڵˮ
ҲǣҲȵؿңȻЦĪ
ʹҲ˺óһʱ䡣Ҳκἰеʡ
͵İΡôͰףһνҵʱһѿڶ
üû˵Уֵƽسȥˡһ
õʦĸһáڴϻζƫ
ǸŮ˵һһȣҲʦȴû˿˼
ȫͬѧشͬһ⣬ֻһ£ͬѧѧ֮Ҫ
ڽɨ࣬ǵ⡣

˭ҲûǸ䵨СˣܵܲҺ˯ҼԹΡ
濴¹ƽͨӳһƬҰףһͨ
ͨģȿԼݳ뻹Ҫš벻Լ
˯ģ֮Ҹӿ϶ȷһЩĶңҵ
ⷭҵܣģ¶ɫģ˺ҵɬò

Ҳ֪Ҿ²һʲô⣬ÿͻһЩʯһ
Ķճģʮֶġ˵ǰƤд
Уظʮ꣬ͯ꿪ʼбСѧҵ
гžŻ߼ƷϰӣµԳܹη꣬
𴲣һƤڴ˩ںͳˡһϣ·ϼһ
ӣ˵Ǳ˺أҺۣײ
֪ôİˣǮһҲû

ܵõֻ죬ɢഺеζҵ
ˮҵĺ壬Ҳഺġ·
ЩѺϵġĪ־䣬֮ڵͶĵһѧڿȵ
дʫҲԼΪʲôҪд޷ˡϳеʱҿʼ
ֵĴϸЪ˹ĵĻ֣Ҵûо
Ψһµĸȥɹҵıӣ̫ˣۡҲ
ĸѷҵܣֻ޴Լɳ·äĿߣ
صҹɫʵƲɵ

ȵ죬ɲһҺͼںϴ裬ɹ̫Ƥ
ڵú̴ѡǱȸ״ͳ߶ȣϺĸ񳤵ѿģ
Ǻ޵ӲĽŸ˻֣Ǻߡ㲻ṷ
ԿǷȣһȻȥˣˮǿ
ˮߣܻܰûκҺú͵һӻˣæȥ
ƴϱƵĽǯסú͵ƣֻý߾ȫ
԰ƣ˶ˮ£ҷţ·˾Ҳˡ
ˮĸû߶Զ͵ǳˮϰ۵ûſſģ
ŵҲˡʼôûѵˮˮƻǡ
ҵһθеĴͿֲصҵֻڳ
ıˣҸôĸĸ

ҹĻʮ֣һյ͸˵룬ƽͨҲһֻ룬ˡ
տʼڼǰĺϵҵĸ׻·ˣ
ĸ׵ϳݻûڣҺͣǶΰĵȴУ
ûлûˣĹ䴦Ҳûпס̵
ӣŴ󱭴󱭵İ׾һӣӣҵļ
ʧȥ¶ȣɻĻҽһıӰصҵϣ
ҵĺˡ̹ġֻлˣҲκ
ĵʹԼǸҹΣų˯ȥҲ
ֻЩӯսܹĵĹ¶ֻš

ˮҵ뿪ƽͨͶУٻؼҡÿ
ȥҶԼ˰ĿˡĸܰҵĶ߱ԹļļҰ
ǵĵռˣĸĸǵ÷͵ˣҲһװĮġ
ϤĴׯ˵İҷԼûв͵ءһױ
ߵˣҲǷ޳ģҶڸԶǱֵô
棬Ļȴ˹ǲԸǸ޷Խ
ʱԼҲò˼飬ʹ帯ó˻ҽҲֻ
Զڹ˵ƽͨһױȵԭԾ
䱳صĺܿһ塢һ԰еķϡ࣬ƽĻ
ţҲ·ֻ֤ĻһνҲܿܽһ
Ԣļ󣬲ǵѰޣǵĹϵ
Ǳ˴棬ϵƬټĲ񷡣

ԺӻԺӵζ԰Ժǿжˣ˭
ҲԶԶȥаɽߡƽͨ塢ּҰӺü
Ĵկ֮ἰǵ֣ȫ֮Ҳ˽Щֵ
һʷƵذ׻ˣʧȥ˻ĿܣЩնĵ
죬ȻʱԶʧˡ봨죬ƽͨһׯ
ˣʮʻ˲䱻Ϳ˿հסÿξҶ鲻
ȥǣγϡҴ˻ҪæֱԼҲǰͺ
̵ʱûΪᡣ

ڰһֲˡഺĳ彥нԶٴһ
İ۹Լʱ򣬻𶼲һ
˵ģȨԼԽԽĹ¶Χǿ޼ɵġ
ΪСС˺ȻˣҲΪЩʧ粻һжü򵥣
ű߼ʣҲֻ˺ѹӢ΢ĻţԼ
Բ

һתʱ򣬲ŷԼôİࡢŢ
ܶ飬ҲطǸҪǿһӰԶķ
ظжã˭ܡһ׼ôȥϴĸˣôϣԼ廹
ƽͨԭĸɾ峺ףôܡΨһֵðοľһ
Ϊ߳ܡϺͳʵҴûΪĳЩϹǵļֵǶ
ᶨʼǱӿ԰ҪãԳԽޣҲѴ֮


ʵʶˣѻϰҹе׶Ŭµ
ʱѡʫˡ


                         ȥ

                           ԰

һοϵıʱʮ㡣ҹ֮Щ
ˣԱȼл֡ĨȥϵĺˮѴ
˲ζΧĻͦ䡣ռĽ
ҹĳʹջǣǾΪ⣬
ˡȾƣ˸߲ҵ˵Цöֱ治ʡĸַԣβ
ӿӿȥصĿУʹĶĤܴܹƣͺը
ȥǣľʹﵽη⣬ľŬ
һһεʧܣֻ÷ͽ͵ĥ

һӣǶһϸڰߣǸ
λáռλһ룬һ̫źƽɫ
۹ӱʾӺǸȻŲŲӣָȥ
һְ뵽֡ŭֳϱʾǸ΢Цл
Ǹġ⳵һġЩ
ʵغܺȴʮũ

Ӻܴ󷽵شһƿׯȡܾˣǶԺþƲȤ
ֳʹκξʳθ

һũ꣬꼴һЦݹһ֧ѵ̡
ԴӰͳռ¾輸һڣζض
ϷꡱꡱĽࡣīһƬżһ
ƹ⣬ǰҫ۵βͣһͷ굽ߵĺڰȥƼˣվ
չչ첲ȡֳԼ֮һǿںȾơ֮һ
ǿ˿ˣЩһش̸Ϊ˵̸Цڲ
֮࣬ҲЩƽˣƼˮ꣬һƿǣһ
֣֪ѡֻˣֵס˯ջ󣬻
֪ЩôܰȻ˯ҪȴƤ
ʧһಲĴ󺺣ְ̧һװˮĴӣ
ͷϹõͺţ⣬⣬ſɲģ
ֵܣԸزӣˣǿˮЩ
ϡ˵ŶԲȥˡӿ󺺵ıĭͷ
һɤ¡ʱħܶɤ
ӵ˺޹˼ɵ̵ڲУʵ
һֱС̵صġȰȡʹֱüЬ
ײȥ̵ġɳɳֱʹŻ³ˡȥ˶
龰ҵǣ⼸λƺûɤȻ󳯳ذ̵
ϰߡܾעǵĺͷЩִĺھĴ߶»
Ųһ߳ԣһߴ̸⾭̸úʹ죬ƿеľ
λһذȥǲţҲΪ̸֮Ծ
ϸؿԳ԰̨óũСǾƾպĿϣ
ôҲƲƭӵģʶȥͱʼǱ˲ŷ
ͬС˵ıˡڹϳ˺ɽһڽڿͰС
ĳᣬҪӿϳˡռλʱͬûӰ

Щɥشְ֣ҵϰߡע۲ͬˣ
⵹һʯ񣬼ѼزơһᣬǿҵŻĸо
ֻˡӸԹСӣּСһ꺺ӣ
ȹʼÿһëϾƾƳĺ
ζټеǿҵһĶο
ǻʼؿ۴ãڱ֮شظʹȡ
߱ЩɵϸڿǴǺճϵ๸Ȼֺȣִú
๸ִ˲ƣ

еԼҪιȥˡƲǰҹʲô
ǡǡ෴ζƶƲĿʰο
ڴλһѳ򿪣͸͸
˷ΪɾܾˡӰæȥԥ
԰ӵΪ޴Ӧ顣ֻܿ죬÷紵

ڴߣǵţҹζĿ
ϱߺһᣬŻ񣬴ڼƵ飬̾б
λƤϡǷ˽ʹյӣһ󳩿졢ʣ
͵͵ڴ߹ӣο룬ıôʱ䣬
úúܣһʶʮķӻܿȥַת
ŸʹԼܲصԭλȥͷ֮һ̫ͻȻ
͵ԱȥʲôģΪԼ뷨Ĳѣ
ڱ˺ߣһƣͰĵջɢˣۣ
ѳ¿ӽ⿪ų΢ߣʮ㵽Ϻ󣬾һֱͶٲ
壬ϣԶ볾ѼǲúʱžͲ
Ӳϯ̫ԶˣԶ󷢻ƵʷԶΪһ
ޣֵġꡱбΪŽģ
ʧȥ˯ĵסҪһĹǷ

һҵԳвò˯⣬˲ʱϵ
Ӱ٣ŭüͷֺصƤſ۾յĵһ
Ϣ˸˵ģ죬Ԥ̫ȴ
ʵ˯ˣѺʧΪԼϲرǷǰ
һ΢΢Цˣ˯ţߵλã˳
Ϲɨ㣬ڻڵҹﱼɣ֣Լ
һʼͰͯţΪԼʵصһᡣ

ңҼŲŭҲſڳǰȥ
ȷˣڵĴѧ治󻰣֪ȺɳԺѧ
ǳٵˣʮûŪһλŮŮڹＷţܽ
ƯŮͬѧͦ˵ģŮҲУͦ
סΪһλɽ󺺲ද˵ӣǻɽ
ǺеطɫһͷֱˣЩˮۡԲཱུŮ
ѧȻôôţôɰɽ
˲һʮͷĴӣαȥΧЦ˵Ӣѹ
أһȡЦ󣬱˴˵Ķ𣬲һϵرغģ
ڲ輸ϵʳǴѧ֣óȫ
öĳɳǻЩʲôأ죬ѹûʲô
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һжҪͣһнͶôɱôȱšЩȻ
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Ʒед԰дƷǷһŶҪɨɾأ⿴Ʒ
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ԲʧͶ߱ɫﾫ[1] 

޶ż2013Ф˴Ρһơ˵ãͨ
νѧġͯ޼ɡĪԵС˵ôôơȹ
ơˡӶóۣѧĿˡơȴŵػ
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Ϊĸ׵һɫͿȾνȡӡ壬
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ʶ⡣йǧ⽨ᣬԡܵѹ֣
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檡Ůɷȴعѡڡй˵νڣֻ
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ŮΪˮһĸԴŮ˲ʲôԭһʧ
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ĳЩһʾԺͿѧԡʥ¹˹ڽڽ̸ĸ
ʱ˵һǷ޹أͨԪ410꣬˹
ǣɱ޵ԺŮ⵽Ұǿ顣ʱ
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ɱˡ [10]˵ʹһʧȥ٣Ϊһ
Ʒ¡ֻҪǿ߾أͲǴʧȥ١෴
аԽôʹδǿ飬ʵʧȥ١˵
ҵĲƸ⣬Ҳ̫֮ѰõԿּ
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ʥӰ죬ʥıʼղĽ [10]

ɼ˶νơʶԵı֪ĳ
˵ɡĹһķ⽨ɫʡ¹˹Խ
ѧȻҪʾ



ѧеоҹڻһѧڣһ
ֵ̽⡣оݿɰɫɫѧĿѧ綨
ḻںķչԴͷӱ켣ʷλܣԪ
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Եģʹѧήɥʧ

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Ρ硶ǡ[Ԫ]Ьհһߴ𲻿ϰͷ
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ɫ˼Ĳ»ǳ˼ްڻл䲻𡣡[12]
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б֮ߣòϲ裬Цᣬʱ޲
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Ƿ⽨̻Ϭ12⵽ɱ

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Ե˷롢Ī⣬Żͷ顣Ľһźͷչ
ѧоΪʶȫλͶԪΪչֳһ
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ͷּǴһЩҵƷ
ѧĶͣӦʵַּơѧĪС˵ʺ
ĪԻش˵ѧڲҪҵС˵Եȵ㳤
˵ѧƷҪߵ䡢ȤζӦ

ʮǰ͸۰̨ʵ˵Ӱּƣƶص
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3ֵȼ12ֹۿӰƬ16ֹۿӰƬXӰƬ
TP˿ɹۿӰƬTP+avertڿɿҪĳЩݡ
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ֹйĿǰȡϵӰּɱ֤ͬ䡢ιڵ
󡣵ʵлûǳɹľ顣йгĿǰƽӰ
ּơ[14]

ѧչǰһáҪѧռ֪ʶ
չѧԽȽܲףǳд
ѧƷһżԷɱų⡣һֱִ򵥵ѧѧ
ķչ

ο

[1].ĵӰ[J].־19886.
[2] Ф˴.Ρһơ˵ã[EB/OL]. [2016-03-30]. 
http://www.21ccom.net/articles/sxwh/ddwx/2013/0824/90532.html.
[3] .Ρ˽ʾʲô[J]˿20145.
[4] .ʮ屾С˵׷׵ƪ[EB/OL]. [2016-03-30]. 
http://www.timetimetime.net/zasui/64346.html.
[5].ʮ屾С˵׷׵ƪ[EB/OL]. [2016-03-30].
http://www.360doc.com/content/15/0819/19/4259979_493483819.shtml
[6]Ī.[EB/OL]. [2016-03-30].  
https://www.zhihu.com/question/30229864/answer/48780315
[7]ƽ.϶[EB/OL]. [2016-03-30]. 
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_9c1eca2d0101kjgs.html.
[8]ʵ.¹ԭ(10)[EB/OL].[2016-03-28].
http://www.dxsxs.com/mingzhu/755/20535.html.
[9].ʼĩ[EB/OL]. [2016-04-06]. 
http://article.netor.com/article/memtext_125456.html.
[10] []¹˹.ϵ֮[M]..:磬2006.
[11][]¹˹.¼[M].ʿ.ӡݣ1963
119.
[12]ʵ.?ıžݺݺӾ硱[EB/OL]. [2016-04-06]. 
http://www.chinapoesy.com/YuanQu292.html.
[13]ѩ.¥? ֱ̫龳 ݺ¥[EB/OL]. 
[2016-04-06]. http://b.faloo.com/p/36999/5.html.
[14]ٶȰٿ.Ӱּ[EB/OL].[2016-03-10]. 
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=m5U4MowTx24pIavf606XmXdoD371GefKBcR21xqiaCGR0hN3tt_xANuW7fhSBtdYk5lIy0Y3FvKXQbpQwkLwOK.


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ȥдµġ¥Ρ˼䰮̸衣ѩŮİ飬
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ѩ۵ʲôԣվԵϡΪ
ԹϵеءԹϵֻǴڽӴԵԹϵıҪ
ǰ顣ûаԹϵ붯졣ˣѩվ
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ڵڶʮ߻Уѩһ龳ѦĿŮ
ʵơ̬ȻվС졢׹ķ棬վԶ
ķ棬ȻҲվѩ۶ķ棬Է⽨µı׼С˽
ഫΪŮİ飬ΪŮİѨǽ֮£
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һο⽨ԵĶֶڡ¥Ρм
ڡһη⽨µĴѦΡ

˴˼ϿǷ⽨µάߣǷ⽨µʿ
һС졢׹֪͵̸¶ˣԼһ
Ρڡ˵ά⽨£ֻҪԼǲ
ġʵϣȿǵԼҪά⽨µʱ
ˡ

絥˵˵αҲȫԩΪ񡯣֮
ȫͳʵЩΪõζ֮Ǽص
ʵоαΪ˱αڡ񡯵
װ˽Լ׹ôڡ񡯶ԣЩα11

ԵȻҪǷ⽨ѹƲ˵ģСΪǶԷ⽨µĳ
ǧֳУʱʱСǣǰŮİҪ
⽨µĶδɹʹҲᱻɢţ֯Ůˣ
ŮҲˣͬˡеʧܲʵʧܵ
ӳ˼֮£ɽףӢ̨ŷҶǱ⽨
ɢˡ⽨ŮİƲġ÷ʵ
ʧˣĽϲ󡣶һΣС
ܿ˵ҪɹѲڶеĳɹ
ִŵ׷ʵеĳɹ

СǼɹ֤ʷѾ˱仯ѾͬףʱˣҲ
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˵ѾѲڷչԼʵгƷ⽨µǣ
֪ιʣҲ֪⻹⣬ʮУСͼܿĹ£û
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ԼʤĹдˡǲ֪Ӧù˭ǲ
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¥Ρڶʮ߻ءδͤϷʵ  ڣк족ɷΪ
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ĵƪҲɻȱʱȥ룬Ҳ
ԡѩͨỨʾ̵ѧʽ˼
Ӧһƪµˡ

 ѩۣ¥Ρѧ1982棬375ҳ
 ϣ¥?¥оѡ1988꣩
86ҳתԶ¥ټ?ѦΡл2006棬
158ҳ
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͡סססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

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                          տ

ᣬΪʲôſѧʵȴô˻Ϊ
ǵμҴҸһطѧѧƲѧ
ŻȨƹתҪͬ⡣Ϊǿѧѧ
Ķǵѧǵĺѧϣÿѧ½һ
ЩĴͳĻĵλ̽ѧѧôݱġ
˶˼ϣܸѧһ

ѧʲôʲôǶԿ͹۹ɵȷо
𣿾Ϳԡô⡣˵һܹ󣬽
ǾһڣοԭǿƼ
ϵЦϣѾΪĳЩİգҲ˵ڣ
ΪκξжϢѿ͹۹ɿǶ
ĳЩͬԺ֮ĹϵǿԾȷʶ
ھȻִᾹȻľһЩý嶼ϡ
˼ʮֻҡΪʲô˼ѧĵλΪʲôÿÿ
ΣУڵ·ɵĻΪǲ
ھѧĻƽȣûԽʱȻǻΪʲôҪ
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ĴǽΨϵġΪûп͹۴
ûһµʶľָǷ֮ĺ֮Žδ
׼ģҲ˶ġ19ĩѧ缸ȫΨռ죬
սʱΨռѹƣסΪ׵Ψ
˼ʵǳסʶλõߵΪˣ
ʶʮֲִڵġ˼ǿ׼Ϊѧн׼ԣ
ʵϾǷ񶨴ֵĶǷĿ͹ԣ˵
˼дΨĵĶԴѧĵ΢Ϊ͵ѣ
ʹѧΨ̧ͷѧѧķչֽһʹڽ̺ͷ⽨
ȫ渴սԲȫ·ʽĽСĿѧ
ҵʶҸĵ·Եķת
йҽ͸ָĴͳĻĴ֣ǿ˷ٱΣ

ΣıԴڵĿѧѧĴëãÿѧѧ
Եķ档߼ʵ֤屾ͨµķαѧ
ѧǿѧķֽģţѧѧ𽥲
ĴڣԱȻչʲôСѧѿѧĵ
λĻԭʼĻһĵλ磨
˵ҽԶҽãŽҽѧϸ·ѧѧôһ
һչĵزġ

Ϊ˵⣬ٴظһҵۡѧѧ
̽Ĺ̡ڣѧû塣ָ˶Կ͹
ɵȷʶڣǳΨʶۣΪû˵
ʶ޹صĿ͹ûдҿʶһµĶһФǻ׼ȷ
ĳ˻ģ˶Ϊǻĳˡǻ뻭ģͬ
Ĺ߻˵ǲͬˣûйʶġйʶһһ뻭
ʶ޹صģĴڡȻֲΨ壬ĵһ
ǰᡣڶǰǣм򵥸֣֮򵥵Զȸӵö࣬
еԺ͹ɣһ(
)͹(غ㶯غ)ѧ֪ʶΪѧ֪
ʶԭһѧ޹ص֪ʶѳΪѧΪ
Ϊȷ˵ǲģ˵һǰ
Ļڶǰѱпѧ֤ʵġԭͽγȷ
ȱĿѧ֪ʶ˹̹Ϊԭǿѧĵһԭ˵κ
һЩӣΪнṹĶԷ˻Ҽ
ҪԷҲԲԷ򳣳пġ
;ﰴ߼ͼķֲҲһнṹõı
ǰ˹ṹṹԽ߼Խ٣ԽȶԽԽԽ
ƻӵȻڵļ塣Ϊӵ
ûҸƹܣڵʱ̫̣ǷֵĸʾͺС
ĹɣǲҪ̫ӵĳʶǿȫɷ
Ӿֵܽᷢġ֧͵ǣһҲ
϶е춼ǰ׵ġһӶĸӶм
ԣȻ޷Ӧȫɷѧ󳣳ϵͳ
ѡо󳣳ǶԳԻԺǿϵͳȫɳΪܡ
һ㣬ⱾһƵġ

ѧѧӢֱphilosophy of sciencescientific 
philosophy϶Ӧǹڿѧѧۣǡѧѧ
ߵ˼ÿѧķоѧѧȷĲ֡ѧѧǶ
ѧһַ˼ϸ˵B.غL.άظ˹̹߼
ʵ֤˶ʼġ2040Ժ󣬿ѧѧڷԺ߼
Ĺһһ򷴿ѧĵ·K.նT.S.P.Ү
¡I.˹ȡĽҪĹ۵һۡ

ĿѧһǳӵĻһһϦγɵģ
ǧǧǰϣ˲õǻ۴ﵽ˷
߼Ľ׶ΣѲһ򡣸صĻۣǶã˼ά
̶ȾΪ̶ȡ̽˼ά̲ɿġ
ո׺Ͱͼ˵Ŭڵ˹µϽ
ʽ߼˼άѧĺģĶֵ߼ģ߼ֻ˼άɵĲ
䣩Ȼ˽˼άɣͿɵĻΪû
ȷ˼άǰᣬȷ˼άҲò͵ĺڰΪ
˷߼֪ʶǸ㲻ȷǰʲôľԺѧͼ
ϵ۵Ĵڡһǰ֪ʶѧ˼Կն
оո˺ϣľԺѧнųһ
߼еǸ˹ᳫʵᳫʵ顣
ֱԴӦԶȻϸ۲ͶԾܽᡣ˼
ᲢûԵĶ档ԵĴͳ͵ѿĹף
˽ܵذʵԽ٤ԿĿѧ(߼+ʵ+
ѧ)·ȥ̽ڲý˵һѧɹţѧţѧ
ڵʱľ鷶Χۣ˼뷽
ţٱġۺϷͨԴķҳﹲе
Ժ֮Ĺϵԭۺϸԭоͽ⡣
ѧѧ֪ʶԱըķʽѸٷչʮͳۺѧĵ
ǿѧĵڶ޴ɹɹԶ˵ԭʼо
ýһ֪ʶԵķչʱԶԭʼоĽ
ΡҪȷ֪ʶҪȷҪ㹻ϢȻԽԶ
ԭʼ򣬻ȷ֪ʶԽѣԽײαѧαѧִ
ҪصԴαѧǰ벽ûпܡҪ
αѧȻǶҪһ⡣ѧѧĲ
ỷ¿չġ

߼ʵ֤ʵ֤ȻչĲʵ֤ǿ׵ºտģ
׵ڽȻѧķӦ򣬿˿ѧʵ֤ķоһ
Ⱥӡʵ֤ĵڶѧĲҪһ
ԪۡΪѧúϵԸоҪؼ໥ϵģдģд
򵥻ĺͳ󻯵˼άѧǿ˼άԭ򣬼þٵ˼ά
Ͷܼ򵥵ķ̵ܶʱ䣬þܶ˼άɹ
ѧرųζѧǿЩ뾭Ҫ޹صĸӦá¿ķ굶
ѧоĶֻǾҪأھ֮Ŀ͹ʵڲ
Χ֮ڡȻѧӵĲ֪Ӱܴ뿵ºͺڸΨ
ѧĴͬһ

ʵ֤ĵ߼ʵ֤幫ؿʼġĦʵ
Ӱܴ󣬳Ϊһ׵ΨߡĦȷָ˱ġڼ
֪Ĵ˸ооͬĶΨ
塷һģͳŵʱӢѧĿºͺڸΨѧһ
⣬Ϊѧ֮ΥʶѧܳΪͳѧ
ԭ»ع׷ѧӵӰ죬
Ϊ֪ʶǲɿġִʶȶܵвΪ
ûжԴʱǿԺ²ǴΨĽǶв֪ۣ
Ψĵķʶ۵⡣Ϊʶ໥á仰
ûдػΪһЩĸġ
ͨص췶֪ʶġʶҲ
еģ˵ڵĲһϣĸ˵ˮ
ͻ𵱷룬Ŵй顷еġ鷶ų롱еĵһϤġ
Сˮ𡢽ľЩ뿵»ֵķ벻һȻҲ
ʵвġѷֳַһ飬ַַҲǷǳǿΪ֣
Ϸչĺڸı֤ѧҲ⡣ܸ׸Ӱ޴
˸ϵǳʵ壬Ϊ߼ѧĶ󣬱֤˶
Ŀ͹ԡؿ߼еĸϵʵǾĲ
Ψʶ۵⣬Ψߵһʮ־µˮ
ƽ߼֤̽ǡѧŵԳſѧӦܽϣΪѧ
㡣ʦʮʱдһûмȫ
ġѧԭⱾ龡ܵ¶۵ĳѧ绹Ϊ
ѧˮƽ߼ʵ֤ʶǿԾΪݣ߼Ϊ
ߣøۡǿͨԵ߼ζ
ѧЩ۵൱ȷġⲢûг׽Ǵ໹
ͨѧʶʵ۵İ˹̹ΪѧǷ
Ƿ֡ѧγ˲ͬɡ߼ʵ֤Ϊ߼ʵ
֤߼塣ǰ߼ַѧʵۣ͵Ψۣ
ԽͳһĿѧԿѧ͡߼ֿѧʵۡɼ
ԣԽͳһĿѧֿ֧ѧ͡Ȼǰ߲Ψ
壬ѧѧǰߵĻϷչġ

˽ѧѧι̣Ϊʲô߼ʵ֤ݱΪѧ
Ϊʶܰ࣬ǲȥ󱳺ıʣֻҪܰ
ˡѧҪάظ˹̹Ҫ߼ѧۡ
͡ѧоǰҪǽ⹹ѧΪѧ⣬һ仰
ܹ˵飬ܹ˵ǲ˵飬ӦóĬ
ѧ޷ǰ⽲תճѧΪԡʡδж
ĸʣǵճϰԼԹ趨ģ
һϸĿԱѧǲܵģΪճ
ϢģѧĻԴȪάظ˹̹ѧǸоѾʶ
Щǿ˵ģЩ˵ѧԲѧ
ϸʧȥѧĻҵһֱǿ򵥵ǿ
˵ģĶǼ򵥶ǿͨѧоȷн۵ġ
ѧѧоǱȽϸӵģҪȽѣҲǸ
ģѧ൱ӣ˵ģرǴĽǶ
ȥۣ˵ġʾҵᵼìܡ
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Ļ⣬ȶͷչȫ๲ʶĶҲͬ˵
ĬУΧѧ˼峣壬
Ҫοף߳ڵʱõҲ
ѧ֪ʶȷ֪ʶĻ֪ʶǲɿ֪ʶѧ
磬۵ѧʣͬҲǲɿģΪ۶޷ѧ
ͳһþȷۣѧĻۡӦõ뵱
ȻӦһۻӦÿѧοѧ֪ʶ
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άظ˹̹á˵ͳĬܳζѧЧǲõġѧ
Բȥ۲¶۵⣬ѧȥǶԸȷ˼ĳ
αѧĿѧѧչҮôеѧ
Լڽ̷⽨ŴգǲᳫĬѧйأ
ǿѧҵļĬתͣʵɼѧ
ӦֻȥճԵڸ

߼ʵ֤ΪѧǶԽ߼Ŀ֮һǳ
ѧĸ壬ӶΪѧ֪ʶ춨Ͳһ⣬
ѡʲôΪһпѧ֪ʶձԣγɼ
塣ʯˡκ˹ȣΪѧ֪
ʶĻΪоֱӾġ޿ɻɵģҪκμ
֤ҲǴʲô۳ġԿѧⶼҪԭΪʾ۵ĸ
⡣ѧҪ۲첻ܴƫκԭеĹӰ
۲Ŀ͹ԡЩ۵Ǽȷģȴ򵥣۲첻ܲ
ԭдʶӰ졣κι۲ʵǽµϢе໥ϵ
ϢϵͳСһ棬ʶȥ׷󱳺ı
ʣ硣ĴŦء
ȣǵĹ۵ǣϷһ鶼Ȼһ֣
ģ˹ɿѧ֪ʶӦǱ˶ܹ۲쵽
¼ļ¼Ǹ˸о顣˾ԳЩ
۸оţǲܹ淶ģ޷ʶģѧһҵ
ʶĸ˾ÿѧҵڻҡӦýѧԡ
սһΪѧǶԣѧԪԣѧǶԶ
Ե߼ÿѧĳЩ֪ơڡ
Ե߼䷨ѧѧ֮һǹ조ʽ˹ԡԼϵ
ͳۣԱǸõؽпѧͿѧ¹졣˼Կ
ѧĽӰ޴󡣼ĳɹȫǾȷ˹ԵĹ͡ӢпƼ
ӢĲƼģȻйûףȷ
ڿѧоĻҡơǶԿѧȱȷ
⡣ûϸרҵѵһЩ˿˼ͻΪ鱾ϵĸ
ԭˡýԡơĴ֣йΪαѧ԰

ѧѧתۿ˵ǴӿʼΪһ߼ʵ֤ߡ
άظ˹̹һעѧƹܣΪѧǰĬϵĺ
ԺӶԽʾͽۣۡ
ı߼ʵ֤ˡдˡ
ǣһ⣨ָһνʸʸе⡣磺
δӡ7+5=12ۺ⣨ָһνʸ
е⡣硰ǵ֮ĽȻ֣ǻԭ壬
ÿһĳֱֵָӾĴ߼졣Ϊνͬ
ʲϸͬ壬ԡۺϳ֮ķֽ߸һֱû
Ϊһ߿ɻǾߵһǾĽһζѧ
ԵһпΪ˼ζѧȻѧ֮Ľ޺ģ
ڻԭۣΪҪϸָĻ
طΪоԡΪյ˹ۡ
ƻ֮ԣԭϵȱݡָνqڵ-˲
xyztû˵ڡӴʵȷ˼ԭϵȱݡ
ԡ䡱Ļԭ޸ݵġԭ˼׷ݵ˺ӣ
ΪÿһҪôֱԴڸо飬ҪôԻԭΪ
⣬һ⾭һϵеԻصһ⡣
Ϊ⡰Ǻ˵˵ĸԴΪѧȻһ
ɵġЩǻϵģǹһԵ
硣ˡоĵλѧǵ⡣
ѧۡڿĴʺͶУһġ
ĲȷԡۡȷܿԻԭΪǸо飬òͬ
Թɵ໥ȫͨΨһԾֵûɡ
۹Ϊ߼ʵߡ

ȻȥѧûаѿѧǳɳĹ̡
ǲһʶģǶһһ˼ҵ
ģڵõȷжǰ಻ôȷжϺ⣬Ǿ
ѧɸѡϸ֤𲽻ùʶȷΪѧ֪ʶġ
ʷѧӤ׶ΣֻѧͻѧЩ̽
ѧԳˣĿ˶ǵѧӤ
ǣ̥ءκһſѧ֪ʶ϶ɵģ
о˶ԴḶ́ڿѧоĿѧ壿ġ
ȷԡۣϿѧҵ¡ָ˵һ
һȫûйͨʱ˵ֻѧ
ʱ塣ʵ۲ǶԷǴģԱ
ǻƵġѧѵǵʶʶѵҪ֪
ıʲܻһһ𣿰߼ȷʵڣ˭Ԥ
磬˭֪ܰıʡûһܸսӴһ
ʱеĻһܹܺõķһԣ
˫໥𽥽ԷĴʻȷġܹͬ
ɿԭʵĴһһӦģΪȻ
һĲԡƻûһԻƻ֦
Ҷ濴һһҽе֮һ
ôĹִʣйȱٽһûʵӦĴʣĴȷ
ʵԷ롣ҲӦĴʣþһ仰ö
仰롭ѧϽֱӱĺڷб亭
쵽Ǿͣһʺһ仰ʵ޷ֱӷ룬Խһ
⡣Ȼǳôëõ˵ò׼ȷҲûа취ʵ
Ϻõķܿòͬڽ㹻⡣

˵ѧѧĶǲնѧҲֻ߲ͬһˡΪ
նԺĿѧѧԽԽΪֻԵģԽԽΨģԽԽ
򷴿ѧĵ·߼ʵ֤ѧҵۣڸαѧ
⼸ѧĹʶնһαѧǲ֤α
ġľ޴סΪ֤αǿѧĲȱٵΪʵ
֤ǿѧҪԪأΪѧͨͷϷչġȻ
ѧ֡αѧϲ֤ʵһʣǵ۱
ǡ֤αԡҪ忼һǲȷǷǳѣΪκ
ܲһжϹɵģжϣһ۳԰
ƳҪ֤һжϾҪľҪ
֤һжϣǲܵ¡αѧڳα
һ㡣ȻնҵһжϿѧıҪľ޴ס
ѧֳ֤αѧѧαѧһֽǺױα
ѧռԡҽˮȸȣ
ķֽ׼ǰαѧʱ¶šʵû߼ĹŴĻ֪ʶ
ڿѧΪ߼̸֤Ҳν֤αҽ
˿ۣر磺˵ҩ˫äʵ飬ǻ˵˫äʵ
ͳϵģҽǱ֤ҽΣÿÿص㣬һҩԴЧ
ڶĳЧ˵ѧҪйʶ֪ʶǸ˾飬Ϊ
ѧһҵǻᷴ˭ģ磺˵粻ڣΪ
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Σеۼһֱȷ㷺ɹӦѧΪ
ģǿġ磬۵ĻǼӷھӼ˳
ˣԵĹ򡣶ʮƣֻҪ10
ӵĹʽλķͿԼӼԼӵķ
Թɳ˷ھ֤ʽɾʵ֤ǽھ
ʵ֤ȫɵĻϵġѧĿɿ۵ʵĵ
ΣֻԲܹɾѧ
ѧʲôǼأرٿΪҪ֮
ĹϵѧṹһԳǿȽϼ򵥣Գ
ӦŶԳԣΪԳƿԼıоĶǼ
󣬻仰˵оԳԺǿеһšӿ
ѧоĶǻεȣЩоѧ֧˵Ǹ
ģԻѧѧ˵Ǽ򵥵ġ򵥵ڲ
ȫҵĶ͵壬еԭӼͿԿ
ʵ㣬֮ľԴǲײʱû໥ã
ǵλúٶȫҵġⱣ֤ڲһ¼ԳԷǳǿ
ſһ¶ȴ¶ȣһѹǿѹǿʵо
ǵĹϵȻ͵õ˲ɡ.˶ɺͲɣͨ
ѧͿɵõ״ֿ̡̬Ҳ⣬Ϊ
״СĲͬĲͬ״̬ĲͬĲͬʵƺ
һһ֤ԼҪ֮Ĺϵú򷽳̱ʾ
Խ򵥺򷽳̿Խӡ֤򷽳̣Ҫʵ飬ȡ
޵ĵˡͬòնɣµյײ֤
һϸһ¶ԸⲻҪʵ֤ʵɡǰ˵
˹΢ۻҲ۹ѹǿ⡣ѹǿԿ
һλϵĵλʱײĳܺ͡˹ֻ
ӵƽܺͷӵܶйأӵ޹أӵܶ
Ħʵµ̱ȽϾͿȷ¶ȾǷӵƽ
ƽܡɼˣܶһʱ¶ӳ˶
ҳ̶ȵͱʾѹǿʲô״̬ʲôһһ
Ħѹǿ¶ȵĹϵһģҪʵ֤Ա
ӣһǳӵмëɫĻ
ֻһԡҲɫ治춼Ϊɫиָ
ԭԻͻ䣬Բȷǰɫġɼ
ЧһǷܻӭѧָ

ѧ֪ʶɿԼߵԭûòȫȷ֪ʶ
ȫֱΣκͶ۽ڽǺͷֱ180
Щ֪ʶƳˡһڽǺͶ180ȡһԽۡ
ȫ˲йɣΪҲԿ߼Ĺֻ̡˵ͬ
ѣϻǴӾгԵĶȫжϡ°ͺղ롢
ɫȣԴڲȫɣû߼֤֮ǰ˵ȷ
֪ʶǷǳѱ֤Ϊǲ򵥡⣬Ȼ
ѧѧֻΣʱɵԣ࣬
ʵһһЩѧ⸴ӡеȫҲѧ
˵ĸо߼ȷ֪ʶԶɾ٤
˼ʵĲ˹˵˶Ҫά֣бʵǣ˶
˶ͬãٶԽԽ죬˶෴
ԽԽˮƽϲСӦ˶ʵֻ
ҪˣҪʵ֤ҲͲ⡣
ʱ޹ص֪ʶ٤Ҳǽ˼ʵķõġţٶ
Ĳ̺ܸӣҲ˵Աܿ⡣ţٶдf=maȻ
һʼʽǣǶı仯ʡҲȷ
Ȼ˶ԭôʲôأԸоײ
оǵѿǱоײݸ˹һʵоõ
ײ֪ʶţٽһǵĳɹΪţɡѿ
ͻݸ˹ôоģҲ鲻ⷽϡǿԶţٵڶ
ɷһĿɿԡбʵѾ֪б»СǼ˶
ҲٶǸıģıһбϵ»ǳġ
ڻѧϳΪʵĶ٣һλٶΪ˶
ΪVλĶȻmv»жĸı
йֻʱйأʵҲ֪ʱԽıԽ
ʵֻҪоһ¶ı仯ʱľϵͬһ⣬Ӧ
òնɡ

羲糡ĸ˹ǿԴȫеõÿض
з־ƽɷȣ뵽ΧƵΪ뾶
糡ǿȵĻһģǿеߴӵɷ
ĵһġǵ糡ǿȵֿɿǴĵͨ
ؿɵߵĸõͨĸǺ֤καպ
κλõĵɵͨһģֻɵĴСйءͬҲ֤
καպκλõĵͨΪ0Ϊжж
óǿɼԭͻ֪ʶǾͿԹɳбպĵֻͨ
Χĵйءɹе㳤ĵ
̫ӣǺ׿һȫɹ̣ǲȫɡ
е֪ʶۣǴӸо߼ԭʵ鶨ɡʵ鶨
ɼǾձԵĻɣṹйصʵ鶨ɡ
ʵ鶨ɡضɺͰඨɵȶ򵥵⣬
ɵȻЧʵ϶ԵɳɺͿضʽҲǳ
򵥣ҲԳԣҶƽɷȡΪʲôƽȣȻ
ƽȣͲи˹ĴڣͲܼ򵥵õ۵糡
ΪһɲĵߴպĸͲͬˣ
1.5ȹϵȣͲм򵥶ˡ

ʽṹйصʵ鶨Ӧϵľ
ʵ鶨۵Ķѧоӣյ׻ģ
ԿɿԻǱȽϸߵġʵ鶨ɶڿ³ġ
ĳֽṹ򵥵ϵһЩѹ
ȵŷķɣͭԽһ¶ȷΧŷķɡ
˶ֻιڵԷΧڡŷķɺͺ˶ɳ
Ϊǻɣʵ֪ʶͻ֪ʶŷķɵǵ繤
ѧĻѧĻŷķ֮úܹ㣬ΪΪ
ѡŷķɵĲ裬ĿǷ·ơ˶ڿѧ̿
гΪ˶ɵԲг񶯣го
Ĳеһ֡оʵ鶨ɶŷķɺͺ
ľʵ鶨ɣѲǶԳԺǿоˣǽṹ
ӡܸӵĶⲢЩʵ鶨൱ɿ
ѧǰûѧûʵ֤֪ʶĿɿԸʲһ
ϣڷʽı仯⡣ѧ֪ʶǿ֤αģһ
ġĿѧԽǻĲԽ죬ԽƷ˵ģҲ
ڸоĿѧɹ൱ѡ

Ը⣬ѧãȷܵƣյ̫࣬ʵ֤
ЧкܶΣÿһʳ
ϸǺᡢࡢ֬޻εʵĻȻһ
ṹһĻ򡣵Ǹӵ򣬸ɵ໥޷
ѧҪúǵԣҪ࣬ÿ
ǲģҪӽٲ໥ãûʵüֵ
Ҫѧ֪ʶѧ֪ʶһЩ̺
ѧӦҪǽƼĹ۲ýʹ۲ķ˽
Ĺ̡ûгѧİһЩýʹ۲죬Ҳȫò
֪ʶоǲܳɹġҽ˳ɹԭ
ҲһЩѧжĳαѧֱݡ

̸̸ΨӰ졣ϸնۣͻᷢʶìܡ
ȻΪѧһ뷴뷴ѭḶ́ô᲻֪ʶ
Աƽأûһ͹۴յףֲʲôأòһ
ʾǳп͹۴ڣǳۿԲƱƽʵɼ
նΨìܵġʵΰ˻ǷˣֻҪ˶
ìܵʱ˲ͬйˣйûγɹ̺һĹңڽ̹
Ӱûôϴʽڽ̻³˼ʹ˼Ͱ
˹̹ΨΰҲΨĵĳɷݡѧĽͿԻƵ
㿴ʹڣͲڵġزɼΨĸǶô
סѧѧתΨĸֲġп͹۴ڣ
˶ʶԺе໥öʶﱾ壬
ÿѧѧݱ䵽񷴿ѧйΨĲ̫٣ë
ΰ͡й˵ȱԣҪǲ߼ſΣ
˼ԴѧǿѧԪԣ仰ȷǳ״⡣
ѧѧԹɣѧˡ˼ӦǣѧӦð
ǷָЩʻǲڿѧоģЩǴĻ
ġڷ뷢֡ʵȷʹö֧Ψ
رҪ˹̹ѧҶ˵ѧǷǷ֣
Ψһܴ֧֡Щѧҵ˼ʵ˵۲Ȼ
ģдģԳƿѧǷΪʹ÷ʲ뷢
𡣷ҲҪԱܰѷֵı˵ɷ
ĳȽϼ򵥣緢һֻ죩ĳֹϵɣ
ȴ򵥣ŹɣҪȽǡĸҵ
ǵϵд飩ǰû飬ǰ߱û𣬵
ȴ顣ǳõʱӦǣָĶȻ
ǰûеָȻڣûûб
һǼֻĳΪһ̸оԭ
ѧûе֣ѧ˵ѧǶԽ߼
ҲͬȷʵǵĹǱԼòġΪ
ѧҺͿѧҶʹ÷ͷʣΨ˻롣
ѧɵ˵˵鷢ʱν͸ء




ڱ༭
Уԣ
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غϼ1032016.04.01-05


@fangshimin
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 ?@fangshimin  Apr 1 
˭þֶ¥ҵɥƫҪԵͷϣֶҥ
򵥡Ҫҥϡżҥ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Ce9r_ScVAAATz1y.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 1 
ԪʯͷֽڴԷҲ˽Ц
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Ce9xY7HWAAAp_3E.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 1 
ɳĮ԰ɳĮȥʱѹοͺ٣
ټıΣɳĮ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Ce_33hIVIAEAZJI.jpg
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https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Ce_33hpUEAAOvhL.jpg
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 ?@fangshimin  Apr 1 
210ס@Lookshopstudio һŸоرãö೤ľͷĵ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
ͬһֵĲֻͬͬȺʲô֣ϼݵĴа뵺
򣬾ʣһǧͷˡʵZion ԰Ĵʮġ
@Jasonvzx zionҹ԰Ƶɽ򣬲֪ǲһ֡

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 1 
ŮӡҸһ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Ce__exDUUAAQCEN.jpg
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 ?@fangshimin  Apr 1 
ǵǽ@MarvinGPP0 ˭ǿ׳Ůڰ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
īľ@xyskathleen һŵֲʲôͼڡ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
ɳĮɵأҪ̫ߡɵؾĲľĸߴˡ || 
@jinghewenfeng: ŮһʱƺӦڽɵģ
˸оøߡ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 1 
б
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfAG12dUAAA7F6M.jpg
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfAG12hUMAEAysE.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
һǰȣؽˣ˻׳ˣ@j_mato  Ҳ׳ˡ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 1 
Į
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfAOCoSUsAAuTa5.jpg
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 ?@fangshimin  Apr 1 
ĮС
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfAWHbaUAAUvOVJ.jpg
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https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfAWHbXUkAAqWvp.jpg
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 ?@fangshimin  Apr 1 
ƭ԰ҥΪ90Ƶǣ˾3ƭΰҥ90Ƶ
ͣٵ΢5ǧ־ҥȶ뿿90Ƶ
ȫҺ磩Ǿô˵ģҥһʱˬȫҡţҥ
Ӧô㣿
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfAewwFUkAEaYwe.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
ԵթƭѼʮԪҽ¶ԭα¶ˡ || @m148com: 
˾3㷴ͬ˾ôҲˣ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 1 
90ƵұΪѰæʵģֻתתĵƵƽʱôġ
Ȼ־˾3ƭҥ˵뿿Ǹá͡
ͶˣˣҾƫҪ໨㾫һ΢
ÿڵ4ǧϣߵ򣬺οƵվϵĵ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 1 
ʵϡ90ƵѶƵվϵĲŴԶ΢ŵÿڲŴ
΢ŵļʮߵһ80βšڽ괺ڼ¼Ƶġ
ڳʲôƽÿʮβšʱ־ءΪ
90
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfAwyzvUMAAcnQX.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 1 
90ƵЩ㿴ü
http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxNzIxMjM0NQ==&mid=404457771&idx=1&sn=0b4f35250d965c8dcbe3927393a61719&scene=0#wechat_redirect 

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
Ҳÿա || @zhongkee: ֲô㣬㽲佺˼Һ
˶ָأЩڶ˼ҵĲ·ܲ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
ƿƭ԰һĶԼ档
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfByDHhUIAAPV8F.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
ǵУԲܱ֤ǿö@wiscreet ǺǣһǵУԣΪ
˱֤

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
Ƶھ˵ġδָʥ˲ġᳫδҽ
Լʥˡҽִҽѧܡδ
http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/s/blog_48f8a5230102woj2.html 

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
90ƵѶƵĲŴٵģڰպѺƵÿڶ
ϰεĲšڻ˲ˣ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfC0aPpUkAAiJRK.jpg
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 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
ԭ׼ġҡǸеݣ2012һ¼ĿʱԺ
Ƶ̸֤֤ҡǺдģⲿС˵
дʲô֪С⡱Ůݣ֪ǼٻΪ
ʣֵáhttp://m.guancha.cn/Celebrity/2016_04_02_355823.shtml 

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
㱻Э500Ԫ֪һȽƷʲôľ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfE_c6eVAAE6P0p.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
£ɡƷıӰϲֳƱҵ뵽
http://fangzhouzi.baijia.baidu.com/article/391456  
http://xysblogs.org/fangshimin/archives/11405 

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
˾3ƭΰٴӵƭǮˣȻĶΪϴء
ǸӰֻĵϴǹϴûûƤˡ@˾3
ɣӶ׫£ʱᶼ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
˭ȦҲúû졣@ϴ۷ӵĿɺ֮ôһ
ġҡ䡱ڱûȦˣҲͰˣ
Ҫ쵽Ȧȥ򣬾Ͳܸƭ·

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
ѯҵӦþᵽǸеݣˣŮϰԵˡ
@wawachelle ǻѽŮݾͶˣڷϻ˵
̰ľ֧šhttp://m.jiemian.com/article/309054.html 

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
ͬóİֲ¿DNAţDNAƭ԰ҪҪ
ϴθƷϴһٷһƪϴ£˵DNAⲻʺϼȰ
ѧԶƭ԰

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
ģҽýȥͲҽˡǸϰʽҪԵ߼
һƬź״һ˼·ڰʽࡷ
http://card.weibo.com/article/h5/s#cid=230418144ec3fa10102wkry&from=1063193010&wm=3333_2001 

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
ʲݮܣ͸ĲݮģȻٷһɰǣζü
ˡ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfF1u_3UUAAdbvH.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
ܵĻ䷽͡ţ̡ɰǡݾټִʲݮ
½̡ԲݮܵС˵ȵĺóԣҪԺ
ԼٳԵǡĲݮܹƼ㾫Ҽô
ݮ@ˮ岨ʦʳף

 ?@yiyansheng  Apr 2 
@fangshimin ȷʵóԣţ̴ݮˬζֱԣ
κһҵĶóԡ֪ʵǰԵ춼㾫Ӽζ
ﻯѧʿıܾǲһ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
ѧʵ飬׼ȷ䷽ظĽ@yiyansheng ȷʵóԣ
ţ̴ݮˬζֱԣκһҵĶóԡ
֪ʵǰԵ춼㾫Ӽζﻯѧʿı
ǲһ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
ܶ취򵥵İ취ǼӸɱ裬ڱ-ԡ裬һ̨
ܽ@HungTsz ʷʦҪʲôرĹܲ
ɣ˵һ£رţӺִ򿪱һ


 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
˵ˣᡣ @ontrak˴˷ܶ꣬һ
ʽﲻ벻 ܺ档ԹҵòıҲ룬ƣ
Ҳ롣

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 2 
ū͡Ϊҥˣֲڡ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfGRONtUIAARUW0.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
˾3ƭ᲻˵ę́ȥл߷ˣ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfGeDF4UEAECLGt.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
ƭ԰ȻDNAⲻڰΪͬϴأϧͬúĿڣ
˿ƭͬñʾѽͬεʳð͵DNA
⣬¿DNAƭ԰ȻΪǵĴ¿ƤĻ¿DNA
ȾԴ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfH99aIVIAAsa4r.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
ʹ¿Ƥʹǳ԰Ҳǽ˰@x8888k ǰ˽
ҵõľƤţƤΪƤƣȻ
ʳΣƤĵطѬˣҪǿǳƲȥ԰

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
߷SCIģǾһʿ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfIKl_xUYAA-ApI.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
ʿְҲҪˣ@lianjianweiv Ҳһһʿϰ
ۣгʱȥУѧϰҪйػ֪
ʶҲûоϸĿѵûие⻤ʿΪְƣ
ҹֺģҲ߯ˡ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
־ǿ˵Լ㵳ԱҲ˵Լ㵳Աҵȵʿ
Ľ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfKGKC-UkAEPPv5.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
ˮʿܻ÷ѧɲⱵ֤ôҷҲ
ֲ˼ͷˡ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfKQXacUMAEKNH5.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
͡ģϲԡԾӡһӶ
ͯȨĹң类໤Ȩˡ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfKamqRUsAAVl0B.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
ˮů
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfKqfeQUMAEtyEk.jpg
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 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
ϣСء || @ILLDIT: Ưʲô

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
ааء || @Ϫ(@duzuocangmang111): д || 
@fangshimin ϣСء || @ILLDIT: Ưʲô


 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
èͷӥ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfK16WMUAAEHx07.jpg
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfK16WTUEAAzl5T.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
ʲͻ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfK9w0bUsAAePAA.jpg
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfK9w0aUUAEjOb4.jpg
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfK9w1JUAAAVeA9.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
̵
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfLDWF2UIAA2va0.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
ҹأ֮ԽΪϢʳ첻ҳΪ
֪͵Ե񣬼ͻṥ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfLTGNHUEAETHmX.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 3 
˹͵¡˵@keven956f Ϊʲô
ô˺ը

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
ƭ԰̸ַˣѧͿѧʵһֱڰķ
չʼաԭпѧˣȡûǳͷβĿѧ
ƭҪݻ̣ȰѧԶƭ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfLmpVuUsAAuwSk.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
ѧ൱̶٤Էġ@zixian ѧֺ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
ɵҲǡͷβĿѧ@WeiyuanOttawa Щ˿
ʲôǿѧ֪Ƕԡҽѧۡô̬ȡ
߼ҽ񲻴Ӧÿѧˣ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
ƭ԰һţûĸûйûԴĴ˵
ȫһƵġĴӣ
𡱣ǿƭȥ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfL-EWoUMAIH723.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
ָ֣ǷָӿƣĴǶûзֲ
Ƽȫ´½ֻһҲƽ˵ھɴ½ֲޡŷޡ
ǡСôԽȥĴÿƭȥ㰡Ӣ
wrenľӡ@haiyazhizao ӵģʽ䡣

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
˵ģ֪ƣ侫Сȫֽ񡱵洫
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfMFlggUYAAiJIJ.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
ҼֵĶֲ47
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfPRt8zVIAEgc69.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
ԺʿĿ̻ǳ㡢ʩһӺԺʿ忴йѧ
http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NjIwODA1Nw==&mid=402708728&idx=1&sn=d3f47d3401ae3ccb9f368426c9e2092e&scene=1&srcid=0403dtQaQRndwQqLxwgsOrMy&from=groupmessage&isappinstalled=0#wechat_redirect 

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
֥ӸѧŴѧڣԲ˵Լǿѧҡ緢
ĲϡƭǻΪ̳ʲôСдģ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
ͽҲǸǿѧҡ@mathgl һλ͸¶

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
Դһ£ҵĴٶαѧȻ¿ѧҡϹŦ
Լʱͷ棬ùʽȻ.ҽѧ㲻㣿 
@shanwuy: ϧڷӿѧһ֧̫٣ͬ
۵㣬Ϊôشı̬۵㣬Ҫ˵г ֤

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
۾ȷˡڵŵһȴ
һҾðַڶ@baryogene ôϲѧ
ŵҾֻܺǺˣûĻĴװ
ĲˣȾҵ۾˼ά

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
DNA˫ģͷJames Watson@fswordlee еĻû˵
Ӣǣ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
֣ǰ뷨Ħ˹ĴͽлѧΪѧɵĴʼҲ
лͬһա@ElectronFang  һдɭɣŹԹԵģ
ʥǸһ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
˵ǶǴӢۣʹһ@CanadaBlueSky ٴյ
ˣһټڿճ----Ȼô֣Ϊ
ʲôйֻһĴӢأ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
ţӢʵĶ壺ѧ17Ȼѧ֮Ϊһֲ
ϵͳĹ۲졢ʵ飬Լ˵Ĺ޸ġ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfPoBYtUAAEKM1k.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
ƭ԰˵Ӧ䵱ϵȥµҪ
Ҫȥϵˡ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfPvfK0UEAA_Wf7.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
ҽҲ˳ҩûУƭ԰˵Сѧ۲족Ȼ˵
ҽѧʵԲǿѧѧ۲족˻ǿѧ˭
ǲǿѧʵ飿вѧֻ۲첻ʵ飬ǲǿѧ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfP2g6kVIAEQvzZ.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
ܶѧѧƶҪڹ۲ʵ飬ѧѧѧ̬
ѧѧȵȶˡΪʵѧ۲첻ģȫ֪
֪ȻҲˡաͽпƭ@powerwang127 ֮Ĺ
ĿѧӦҲֻܹ۲졢Ԥ⣬ûʵɡ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
һʳƷȫͿԳԣȫͲԳԡũҵȥּʳֱʳ
áԴйɫũҵԱת߼
http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5NTI3Nzc2Mw==&mid=665211479&idx=1&sn=8cb7761ce3651c674be7314a28e95215&scene=0#wechat_redirect 

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 4 
߱桷ǰǼݵ꣬ڶ
In-N-Outںкܶ˿ںܳˡһHabitݵ֪٣
ȷóԡ͵21סйֱѳԣʳĸ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfQXiyBWwAA5-9_.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
ϵ»Сڼпϵ»ס@zmdai ϵ»
ϰ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
ڿϵ»ԵĹǼΡָԲпţ@chena3584 û
ϵ»ǰڿϵ»ԵĲǺʲô

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
ӢŨ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfUjJPFUEAAhdab.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
ζΣŮϲС@ƴ123_utfȥصģ֪
ζΡ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
ӢŨкܶ䷽Ҳ֪ĸڣúȾСǰϲ
Hometown BuffetĸŨܻ䷽ˣûôúˣԼ
@Liliuchan ȥѽ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
ӢһӢӢûѧ@KingwilliamWang 
ӢѵоӢ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
ǫ˾3ƭ泰Цұ;ÿЦ˵Ӥ貹ƣ
СӦóԺʳƷƬͨ˶кìܣЩΪСС
̵ӤӤ貹ƺʹСҪƵĹ۵ڡ󽡡жУװ
۵ʱҲûúö
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfUqFunUAAIFvSp.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
Եģǰǰǻ췽۵Ȧӣǻ췽ڵȦӣܻĸȦӣ
һûƷ@LanceSyu ȦӶѣ΢ˣöʲô鰡

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
90롱ƵҪ
http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxNzIxMjM0NQ==&mid=404545580&idx=1&sn=8aef018829a0db477f88970a2d1b844e&scene=0#wechat_redirect 

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
пǫҲ˾3ƭƨɺ
ҥ˵øƬǰ޷ʳƷл㹻ĸƣţ̺ȵ
ࣩӤ貹ƵԭҲ˵úܴĸ䷽̷ۻ
㹻ĸƣкìܣ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfU4dgwUMAA4SZd.jpg
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfU4dg2UEAEz5dG.jpg

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
ũҵţֳ8ȣһͷ3ȣֱУprime, choice, 
selectǰһ㹩Ӧߵ͹ݣţǺߡȼ
ڡɡͷȡǸţмӵֵ֬ģ֬Խ࣬
ԽóԣȼҲԽߣҲԽ

 ?@fangshimin  Apr 5 
ţиʮλ۸ܴ󣬱˵ĲλһԪ
λһʮԪڲͬ⿷ʽĺûʵҲĸλ
ţйϵ֪йţּλ
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CfVjOunUMAA-1Xc.jpg

(XYS20160415)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys8.dxiong.com)(xys.ebookdiy.com)(fangzhouzi.me)
